Quiz Quiz

Question 1

porin protein

Answer 1

provides
a channel for a small molecule to diffuse across a cell membrane.

Question 2

Collagen

Answer 2

gives strength to skin, bones, tendons (which connect muscles to bones), and ligaments (which connect bones in joints).

Question 3

The function of a protein is related to it’s shape

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Gene

Answer 4

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein

Question 5

What is the function of RNA?

Answer 5

The RNA serves as a copy of the DNA or “instructions” that is easily transported outside the nucleus to the ribosomes that make the proteins.

Question 6

Explain how different versions of this protein enzyme can result in albinism vs. normal skin and hair color.

Answer 6

The protein that is made using the correct instructions (RNA) will have the correct shape needed to connect to the building blocks needed to make melanin. If the gene isn’t correct, the functional will not be made

Question 7

Explain base pairs and dna look like thingy

Answer 7

Each base in one strand of the DNA double helix is paired with a base in the other strand. The base-pairing rules describe which bases pair together in a DNA double helix. A in one strand pairs with T in the other strand. C in one strand pairs with G in the other strand.

Question 8

The sequence of - in the DNA of a gene determines the sequence of - in RNA which determines the sequence of - in a protein which determines the - and - of the protein which influences the - of the organism.

Answer 8

The sequence of nucleotides in the DNA of a gene determines the sequence of nucleotides in RNA which determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein which determines the structure and function of the protein which influences the characteristics of the organism.

Question 9

When a cell replicates, what are the cells called?

Answer 9

First cell: mother. Other two: daughters.

Question 10

Were your observations in this lab qualitative or quantitative? How do you know?

Answer 10

Qualitative, because our observations were not numerical.

Question 11

What is a polyploid?

Answer 11

More than 2 sets of chromosomes

Question 12

DNA is a bio molecule and a polymer. What are the monomers of DNA?

Answer 12

nucleotides

Question 13

DNA is a bio molecule and a polymer. What are histones and what do they do?

Answer 13

Histones are like spools for DNA to keep it from getting tangled

Question 14

Membranes in a cell are composed of a -

Answer 14

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 15

Phospholipids have a - end and - end

Answer 15

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Question 16

What makes something polar?

Answer 16

+ and - end, physically uneven

Question 17

DNA is a hydrophilic molecule. Why?

Answer 17

It’s polar <3

Question 18

how does a gene give the instructions for making a protein?

Answer 18

The instructions from DNA are converted to RNA (transcription), which leaves the nucleus, which travels to the ribosomes to make proteins (translation)

Question 19

How do genes give instructions?

Answer 19

First, the instructions in the gene in
the DNA are copied to messenger RNA,
which is usually abbreviated as mRNA.
This process is called transcription

Then, mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Finally, the instructions in mRNA are used to make a protein. This process is called translation

Question 20

What are the types of proteins?

Answer 20

Enzymes, transport, structural, storage, hormonal, defense, contractile

Question 21

What do enzyme proteins do

Answer 21

Enzymes: Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells. Examples include:
Amylase: Breaks down starches.
Lipase: Breaks down fats

Question 22

What do transport proteins do

Answer 22

Function: Carry substances and molecules throughout the body.
Example: Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood

Question 23

What do structural proteins do?

Answer 23

Function: Provide support and shape to cells and tissues.
Examples:
Keratin: Strengthens hair and nails.
Collagen: Provides structure to skin and connective tissues

Question 24

What do storage proteins do?

Answer 24

Function: Store essential nutrients.
Example: Ferritin stores iron in the body
Iron- FE- FErritin

Question 25

What do hormonal proteins do?

Answer 25

Function: Regulate physiological processes. Example: Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels

Question 26

What do defense proteins do?

Answer 26

Function: Protect the body against pathogens. Example: Immunoglobulins (antibodies) fight off infections

Question 27

What do contractile proteins do?

Answer 27

Function: Involved in muscle contraction and movement. Example: Myosin is crucial for muscle contraction

Question 28

The sequence of - on each - determine how a protein folds

Answer 28

The sequence of R group side chains on each amino acid determine how a protein folds.

Question 29

Talk about the structures of a protein

Answer 29

Primary structure (sequence right after translation), secondary structure (alpha helix, one curl) , tertiary structure (beta sheets), and a quantenary structure with polar on outside and nonpolar on inside it’s a unique snowflake thing

Question 30

Peptide bond

Answer 30

A molecule of water is removed from two amino acids (OH and H)

Question 31

Amino acids - what is the amino group

Answer 31

One end is two H’s and an N

Question 32

Carboxyl group

Answer 32

C, O, and OH. the end of the "chain" (c-terminus)

Question 33

Carbozxyl is the - end and amino group is -

Answer 33

Terminus and stat end

Question 34

3 types of DNA mutations

Answer 34

Substitution, insertion, deletion

Question 35

Substitution mutation

Answer 35

One base pair is replaced with another

Question 36

Insertion mutation

Answer 36

One or more base pairs is added to a sequence

Question 37

Deletion mutation

Answer 37

One or more base pairs is lost from the sequence

Question 38

5 possible outcomes from mutation types

Answer 38

Silent, substitution, premature stop, codon deletion or insertion, frame shift

Question 39

Hydrophobic amino acids

Answer 39

nonpolar amino acids composed of carbon & hydrogen which makes them unsoluble in water; found inside proteins, stabilizes protein core

Question 40

Types of hydrophobic amino acids

Answer 40

Aliphatic and aromatic

Question 41

Aliphatic amino acids

Answer 41

branched hydrocarbon chains due to the structural rigidity of the amino acid structure, it can change the 3D structure of the protein, often occurs at folding or turning points THE ONES WITH THE HEXAGONS

Question 42

Aromatic amino acids

Answer 42

hydrocarbons that form a ringed structure; nonpolar and hydrophobic

Question 43

Hydrophilic amino acids

Answer 43

polar amino acids composed of an O-H, N-H, or S-H; soluble in water (also polar); O, N, & S form hydrogen bonds with each other & water; found on the outer parts/edges of proteins basically HNOF but HNOS…????

Question 44

Polar uncharged amino acids

Answer 44

side chains contain hetero (different) atoms which can form PERMANENT dipole

Question 45

Acidic amino acids

Answer 45

groups that donate hydrogen ions (protons) make them negatively charged, play an important role in protein folding and stability as well as enzyme catalysts (This r chain is likely to give protons)

Question 46

Basic amino acids

Answer 46

amino acids that accept protons making them positively charged, they play roles in enzymatic catalysts, protein interactions and signal transduction (This r chain is likely to gain protons)

Question 47

Describe protein structure is hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Answer 47

Hydrophillic goes on outside and hydrophobic goes inside (in water which is our body lol)

Question 48

What happens when you mix amino acids with opposite charges?

Answer 48

The negative and positive amino acids attract each other and form a structure.

Question 49

what are the parts of an amino acids

Answer 49

The alpha carbon (the one at the center), the amino group (NH2), the carboxyl group (COOH), the random H at the top, and R group

Question 50

When an acidic amino acid “gives protons” what is it really doing?

Answer 50

their side chains contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) which can readily lose a hydrogen ion (proton) to become negatively charged; essentially acting as a proton donor. Hydrogen ion with no electron is just a proton