Quiz's from class

Question 1

Theories are vital tools because they

Answer 1

provide organizing frameworks for observing children.

Question 2

Reid believes that the difference between the immature being and the mature being is simply one of amount or complexity of skill development. Reid views development as

Answer 2

continuous.

Question 3

Charlene believes that her daughter’s ability to think in complex ways is largely the result of an inborn timetable of growth. Charlene’s view emphasizes

Answer 3

nature.

Question 4

Both behaviourism and social learning theory have been criticized for

Answer 4

underestimating children’s contributions to their own development.

Question 5

Heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele for a given trait

Answer 5

are carriers of the trait.

Question 6

Personality variations among siblings is due to

Answer 6

polygenic inheritance.

Question 7

A heritability estimate of .30 for activity level would indicate that differences in __________ could explain ____ of the variation in activity level between children.

Answer 7

heredity; 30%

Question 8

Following conception, the one-celled ________ multiplies and forms a(n) ________.

Answer 8

zygote; blastocyst

Question 9

Valerie, who is two-months pregnant, wonders how food and oxygen are delivered to the developing fetus. You should tell Valerie that the ___________ performs this function.

Answer 9

placenta

Question 10

The _____ have a long period of sensitivity to teratogens.

Answer 10

brain and eyes

Question 11

The first stage of labour

Answer 11

climaxes with a brief phase called transition.

Question 12

Henrietta is concerned about using epidural analgesia during labour. You can tell her that newborns exposed to epidural analgesia tend to

Answer 12

have lower Apgar scores than those who are not exposed.

Question 13

In induced labours,

Answer 13

the mother is given a synthetic hormone that simulates contractions.

Question 14

Birth weight is the best available predictor of

Answer 14

infant survival.

Question 15

At birth, visual structures in

Answer 15

both the eyes and the brain are not yet fully formed.

Question 16

Baby fat

Answer 16

helps an infant maintain a constant body temperature.

Question 17

The cortical regions with the most extended period of development are the ________ lobes.

Answer 17

frontal

Question 18

Baby Paul’s mother strokes his hair just before he eats. Now, when Paul’s mother strokes his hair, Paul begins to suck. Paul’s response to the stroking illustrates

Answer 18

classical conditioning.

Question 19

When baby Marcia’s mother first ran the dishwasher while Marcia slept, the noise woke Marcia. After several weeks, however, Marcia began sleeping through the noise of the dishwasher. This is an example of

Answer 19

habituation

Question 20

Which of the following pictures is newborn Rori most likely to prefer?

Answer 20

a facelike drawing with the features arranged naturally

Question 21

According to Piaget, infants’ very first schemes are

Answer 21

sensorimotor action patterns.

Question 22

Today, infant tests are largely used for

Answer 22

screening to identify babies in need of intervention.

Question 23

Baby Parker’s mom shows him his pacifier behind a pillow. Parker reaches for it and finds it several times. Parker’s mom then shows him his pacifier hidden under a cup. Parker continues to search for it behind the pillow. This is most likely because Parker

Answer 23

is not yet able to make an accurate A–B search.

Question 24

In the violation-of-expectation method, researchers use _________ to familiarize babies with a situation in which their knowledge will be tested.

Answer 24

habituation

Question 25

According to core knowledge theorists,

Answer 25

each “prewired” core domain of thought permits a ready grasp of new, related information and, therefore, supports early, rapid development.

Question 26

According to Erikson’s theory, a healthy outcome during infancy depends on the

Answer 26

quality of caregiving.

Question 27

Basic emotions

Answer 27

are universal in humans.

Question 28

Rahim, age 11 months, is wary of strangers. However, when his mother sits on the floor, Rahim ventures a few feet away from her for a few minutes at a time, and then returns to her for emotional support. Rahim is

Answer 28

using his mother as a secure base.

Question 29

Gil describes his son as calm and cautious. He describes his daughter as cheerful and energetic. Gil’s descriptions refer to the children’s

Answer 29

temperaments.

Question 30

In the 1950s, a famous experiment of rhesus monkeys reared with terry-cloth and wire-mesh “surrogate mothers” provided evidence that

Answer 30

the development of emotional ties between infant and mother does not depend on hunger satisfaction.

Question 31

According to Piaget, the most obvious change during the preoperational stage is the increase in

Answer 31

representational activity.

Question 32

As children realize that agents and recipients of pretend actions can be independent of themselves, make-believe play

Answer 32

becomes less self-centered.

Question 33

Vygotsky’s theory stresses the __________ of cognitive development.

Answer 33

social context

Question 34

According to Erikson, play

Answer 34

permits preschoolers to try out new skills with little risk of criticism or failure

Question 35

Which of the following is true about cognitive development and emotional understanding?

Answer 35

Young children focus on the most obvious aspect of a complex emotional situation to the neglect of other relevant information.

Question 36

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, which of the following leads to the formation of the conscience and moral behaviour?

Answer 36

avoidance of guilt

Question 37

In Piaget’s concrete operational stage,

Answer 37

thought is more logical, flexible, and organized than it was during early childhood.

Question 38

Some Neo-Piagetian theorists like Robbie Case argue that the development of operational thinking can best be understood in terms of

Answer 38

gains in information-processing speed.

Question 39

When describing themselves, older school-age children are _____ likely than younger children to _________________.

Answer 39

far less; describe themselves in all-or-nothing ways

Question 40

Learned-helpless children

Answer 40

hold a fixed view of ability.

Question 41

In biology class, Zia had to determine which of two fertilizers was best for growing African violets. She tested not just for type of fertilizer but also for its concentration and frequency of use. Zia used

Answer 41

hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

Question 42

Bryan (formal operational) hears the following statement: “Either the train is moving or it is not moving.” If Bryan is in the formal operational stage, he will say that

Answer 42

the statement is true.

Question 43

Sixteen-year-old Alyssa speaks differently to her boss at work, her parents at home, and her friends at school. Alyssa demonstrates mastery of

Answer 43

pragmatics

Question 44

Which of the following adolescents are at greatest risk for academic and emotional difficulties after a school transition?

Answer 44

Those who have to cope with added life strains, such as family disruption or poverty.

Question 45

e correct order of the phases of vocational development is

Answer 45

fantasy period, tentative period, realistic period

Question 46

Erin has no real interests or hobbies, and she cannot stay committed to an activity, a part-time job, or her school work. Some of her peers have called her “shallow,” and her aunt complains that she is “directionless.” Erikson would say that Erin

Answer 46

is experiencing role confusion.

Question 47

Which of the following is a key theme in the self-concepts of older adolescents?

Answer 47

personal and moral standards

Question 48

Which of the following is true?

Answer 48

The adolescent suicide rate is three to four times higher among boys than girls.

Question 49

Kohlberg and Piaget both believed that moral understanding

Answer 49

was gained by actively grappling with moral issues and perspective taking.

Question 50

Proponents of emerging adulthood as a distinct period note that

Answer 50

it applies to most young people in industrialized societies.