Quiz (Tues) Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
2 Divisions of Ethics
A
- General Ethics
2. Special or Applied Ethics
2
Q
Characteristics of Moral Principles
A
- Prescriptivity
- Impartiality
- Overridingness
- Autonomous from Arbitrary Authority
- Publicity
- Practicability
3
Q
Elements Present for an Act to qualify as a Human Act
A
- Knowledge
- Freedom
- Voluntariness
4
Q
Basic elements of human act
A
- The act must be deliberate.
- The act must be performed in freedom.
- The act must be done voluntarily.
5
Q
Major determinants of the morality of human acts
A
1) The act itself or the object of the act
2) The motive or intention
3) The circumstances
6
Q
Four principles to be considered
A
- An indifferent act can become morally good or morally evil depending upon the intention of the person doing the act.
- An objectively good act becomes morally evil due to a wrong or bad motive.
- An intrinsically morally good act can receive added goodness, if done with an equally noble intention or motive.
- An intrinsically evil act can never become morally good even if it is done with a good motive or intention.
7
Q
Four types of circumstances that affect the morality of the act
A
- Mitigating or extenuating circumstances
- Aggravating circumstances
- Justifying circumstances
- Specifying circumstances
8
Q
SPECIFIC kinds of circumstances which affect the morality of human action
A
1) WHO
2) WHERE
3) BY WHAT MEANS
4) WHY
5) HOW
6) WHEN
7) WITH WHAT ALLY
9
Q
Principles governing circumstances
A
- An indifferent act becomes good or evil
by reason of its circumstances. - A good act may become evil by reason of circumstances.
- An act may become better or worse, or may take on a new goodness or evil by reason of circumstances.
- An evil act can never be made good by circumstances.
- A gravely evil circumstances entirely vitiates a good act.
- A slightly evil circumstances do not entirely vitiate a good act.
10
Q
Modifiers of Human Act
A
- Ignorance
- Passion or concupiscence
- Fear
- Violence
- Habit
11
Q
2 Types of Norm
A
- Eternal Divine Law
2. Human reason
12
Q
Types of Ignorance
A
- Vincible ignorance
2. Invincible Ignorance
13
Q
Principles governing passion:
A
- Antecedent passions do not always destroy voluntariness, but they diminish accountability for the resultant act.
- Consequent passions do not lessen voluntariness, but may even increase accountability.
14
Q
Principles governing VIOLENCE
A
- Any action resulting from violence is simply involuntary.
- When a person experiences so much fear in the of an unjust aggressor who is armed and extremely dangerous, he or she is not held morally responsible for his or her actions.
- Absolute violence excludes any voluntariness from the forced action.
15
Q
Principles governing HABIT
A
- Actions done by force of habit are voluntary in cause, unless a reasonable is made to counteract the habitual inclination.
- A deliberate admitted habit does not lessen voluntariness and actions resulting therefrom are voluntary at least in their cause.
- An opposed habit lessen voluntariness and soemimes precludes it completely.
- When a person decides to fight his habit, and for as long as the effort towards this purpose continues, actions resulting from such habit may be regarded as acts of man and not accountable.
16
Q
Principles governing FEAR
A
- Acts done with fear are voluntary.
2. Acts done out or because of intense fear or panic are simply INvoluntary.
17
Q
- basic course in the study of ethics
- deals w/ the morality of human acts, the norms of morality, and the specific determinants of morality.
A
GENERAL ETHICS
18
Q
norms of morality
A
LAW AND CONSCIENCE
19
Q
applies the SPECIFIC and FUNDAMENTAL norms and principles of General Ehics, both in the individual and social domain.
A
APPLIED ETHICS
20
Q
This means that ethical or moral rule should be NEUTRAL when it comes to who will be its recipient.
A
IMPARTIALITY
21
Q
the practical, action-guiding nature of morality
A
PRESCRIPTIVITY
22
Q
something is right or wrong regardless of what the majority decides or says
A
Autonomous from Arbitrary Authority
23
Q
Moral standards must have hegemonic authority
A
Overridingness
24
Q
moral rules and principles must be made public, if they are to serve as guidelines to our actions
A
PUBLICITY
25
it should not lay a too heavy burden on people
PRACTICABILITY
26
moral rules should not be made impossible to achieve or else they are made for angels
PRACTICABILITY
27
acts which proceed from the deliberate free will of man;
proceed from insight into the nature and purpose of one’s doing and from consent of free will
HUMAN ACTS
28
Are free and conscious acts of a human person which are proper to humans alone
HUMAN ACTS
29
acts that humans share with animals whose actions and movements emanate from purely sensual nature
are performed w/o deliberation and free will
the person is NOT morally responsible
ACTS OF MAN
30
refers to the action that is done or performed by an agent
WHAT the person does
Act itself or Object of the act
31
the purpose or intention that for the sake of which something is done
the reason behind our acting
MOTIVE or the Intention
32
give a new and distinct species of moral good or evil of the act
ex: the murderer is a family member of the victim. —> renders it worthy of condemnation
Specifying circumstances
33
diminish the degree of moral good or evil in the act
ex: commits it for the first time/ w/o premeditation and later admits his fault
Mitigating or extenuating circumstances
34
shows adequate reason for some acts done
ex: Self-defense against a superior aggressor
justifying circumstances
35
are factors and conditions that affect to a considerable extent man’s inner disposition towards certain action
modifiers of human acts
36
affect human acts in the essential qualities of knowledge, freedom, voluntariness, and so make them less perfectly human
modifiers of human acts
37
can easily be remedied through ordinary diligence and reasonable efforts of the person
VINCIBLE IGNORANCE
38
inclinations towards desirable objects or tendency away from undesirable or harmful things
also called SENTIMENTS, DESIRES, AFFECTIONS
passions or concupiscence
39
“Passions are instruments and means for self-preservation of the individual and human race. Every person needs them”
St. Thomas Aquinas
40
considered a passion which arise as an impulsive movement of avoidance of threatening evil, ordinarily accompanied by bodily disturbances
FEAR
41
includes such as torture, mutilation
VIOLENCE
42
is a lasting readiness and facility, born of frequently repeated acts, for acting in certain manner
HABIT
43
moral rules should not advance the interest of a few or of one person
IMPARTIALITY
44
understood as a rule, standard, or measure
the standard of right AND wrong in human actions
NORM
45
treated as a SPECIAL kind of passion since it is a kind of test of one’s mental character
FEAR
46
moral stndards should stand on their own logic INDEPENDENT of the arbitrariness of the majority
Autonomous from Arbitrary Authority
47
moral principles are intended to direct people on what to do and what to avoid
tries to influence the way we act in accordance with certain rules and conduct
PRESCRIPTIVITY
48
self-interest does not have a place in proper moral standard
IMPARTIALITY
49
are NOT, strictly speaking, part and parcel of the act itself.
are conditions that influence, to a lesser or greater degree, the moral quality of the human act
the circumstances
50
they influence specifically the mental and/or emotional stateof a person concerned to the point that the voluntariness involved in n act is either increased or decreased
modifiers of human acts
51
absence of necessary knowledge
ignorance
52
under the classification of INvincible ignorance, an individual keeps by positive efforts in order to escape blame and accountability
AFFECTED IGNORANCE
53
include BOTH positive and negative emotions
a strong/ powerful emotion or feeling
passion or concupiscence
54
disturbance of the mind confronted by an impending danger to himself or loved ones
FEAR
55
refers to bodily appetites/ tendencies as experienced and expressed in such feelings as fear, horror, sadness, anger, grief
passion or concupiscence
56
constant and easy way of doing things acquired by repetition of the same act
HABIT
57
criteria of judgement that we ought to be and we ought to perform
NORM
58
independent of any standard, and thus viewed as objective
eternal divine law
59
viewed as subjective
subjective norm/ standard has to be in accord with the objective standard
HUMAN REASON
60
person’s conscience telling him internally what to do as good or right and what ought to avoid as wrong or bad
HUMAN REASON
61
moral standards should apply to everyone regardless of one’s status and situation in life
IMPARTIALITY
62
should tower over all other standards / norm of evaluation
OVERRIDINGNESS
63
we can always challenge on logical grounds the tyranny of numbers and the tide of public opinion on matters of right or wrong
autonomous from arbitrary authority
64
principles are made and promulgated to render advice and assign praise or blame to certain behaviors
PUBLICITY
65
ethical standards must not be over what any ordinary human being is capable of doing
PRACTICABILITY
66
classified as good or bad, right or wrong, subject to morality and its norms
HUMAN ACTS
67
“educating the mind w/o educating the ____ is no education at all
heart
68
“a man w/o ethics is a _____ loosed upon this world.”
wild beast
69
are incapable ofacting knowingly and w/ sufficient knowledge
1. children who are below the age of reason
2. the insane
3. the senile
4. lunatics
70
for an act to be deliberate, it must be performed by ________ agent who is very much aware of what he is doing and its consequences- good or evil
CONSCIOUS
71
refer to various conditions OUTSIDE of the act
circumstances
72
the mirror of the family;
| reflects the moral purity of his parents
CHILD
73
ignorance that is unconquerable and NOT correctable
Invincible ignorance
74
a person may have w/o being aware/knowledgeable of it; lacks necessary means to correct and solve
INVINCIBLE IGNORANCE
75
ignorance that is conquerable and correctible
VINCIBLE IGNORANCE
76
physical force exerted by another FREE agent to compel him to act against his will
VIOLENCE
77
violence that does not completely destroy voluntariness but only lessens it
RELATIVE VIOLENCE
78
should always be offered to unjust aggressor
active resistance
