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HSTR 122 > Quiz Two > Flashcards

Quiz Two Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Blood Libel Legend?

A

Anti-Semitic accusation that Jews made use of the blood of Christian children for purpose of ritual during Passover to mock Christianity

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2
Q

Who was William of Norwich?

A

12 yr old boy murdered on suspicious circumstances after Easter weekend, his family accused local Jews of murder and wanted his body buried in the local churchyard. From his death arose a legend that Jews had performed a ritual crucifixion on him and then became a local saint

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3
Q

The problem with Thomas’ account

A

Only account of this murder and there were records at that time for murders that were consistently and accurately updated.

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4
Q

What could Thomas gain from writing on William’s supposed martyrdom?

A

The church liked local saints to take advantage of illiterate people and the purgatory story emerged at a similar time. If William was in fact crucified on Easter, it would provide financial benefit to not only him but the local cathedrals and churches as well. Influx of pilgrims to the shrine, leaving offerings.

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5
Q

Possibilities on the murder of St. William of Norwich

A
  1. Genuine, ritual murder by Jews 2. Killed by Christian who threw blame on Jews 3. Killed by person unknown and rest of the story made up 4. William killed by Jews and rest of the story made up
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6
Q

James’ account of William of Norwich

A

Concluded the boy must have been killed by either a person unknown or by jews and the rest of the story was made up - either a last case accident or a madman, also suggested that he was killed by his own family to bring blessings.

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7
Q

Consequences of Medieval Anti-Semitism

A

Has had long lasting, consequential racial discriminatory action in western society

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8
Q

Why is religion an underlying concept of conspiracy?

A

Believe everything is under control and that history unrolls under the eyes of God

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9
Q

Diaspora

A

Historical displacement from ones homeland accompanied by feelings of loss, homelessness and hopelessness.

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10
Q

Taillages

A

Taxes on Jews in times of royal need

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11
Q

Relationship between William the Conqueror and the Jewish population

A

William imported a very large Jewish community to England, basically his ‘property’ to provide financial aid to build castles and fortresses.

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12
Q

2 Benefits Jews provided to Kings

A

Money-Lending and Taillages

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13
Q

Benefits Jews received in England

A

They were rich and lived close to the King in cities of finance and trade since the rulers needed to borrow money to fund military and defense. Protected by the Sheriff of the town (Voice of the King - Royal Protection) and had a very large population in the largest 20 of the 40 shires/counties

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14
Q

Why were the Jews Expulsed in England?

A

England was the first country to ban/expel the Jews and there were a few reasons. During Edward I rule, he fought many wars and was very expensive. Made the House of Commons to tax towns for his wars - smaller landlords upset with high interest to money-lenders. Expelled Jews not for detestation but to satisfy large source of income (House of Commons) based on royal self-interest.

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15
Q

2 main jewish conspiracy theories in Medieval times

A

Poisoning Wells and the Blood Libels

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16
Q

Poisoning Wells

A

Wells only source of H2O - originated in Germany.

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17
Q

The Black Death and Jews

A

Jews had already been expelled from England, it spread quickly through trade routes in large merchant towns where Jews were most present.

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18
Q

Crusades and Jews

A

Crusades on way to Holy land stopped to massacre Jews in belief that they were traitors and working with the Muslims to prevent the reclamation of the holy land

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19
Q

Fourth Lateran Council

A

Council held where it was stated that a dress code was to be implemented on Jews so they could be identified - England 1st to mandate badges

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20
Q

So why were the Jews the target of Europe’s Hatred?

A
  1. Outsiders by their faiths and geography (diaspora) 2. Money-Lenders: didn’t like borrowing money with interest, seen as uncharitable 3. Privileged Status: Brought over as protegees for English rulers, resentment
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21
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man

A

Assured Jews equal rights with all other citizens of France

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22
Q

How were Jews treated 3 decades before WWI?

A

They were blamed for the rise of militarism, capitalism and the economic crisis

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23
Q

Captain Alfred Dreyfus

A

Jewish military officer in France, born somewhere ruled by Germany and accused of giving secrets to them - imprisoned on Devil’s Island. Different officer was traitor and encouraged to retire (did), Dreyfus granted 2nd trial and pardoned and raised to Major.

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24
Q

Dreyfus Affair is France’s…?

A

Greatest antisemitic scandal

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25
Prosperity of Jews before WWI
Despite paying 4x to 8x as much taxes as other groups, they were educated and had great financial and social success. Target of democratic campaigns to gain favour of the working class.
26
Wilhelm Richard Wagner
Heroized mythical Aryan past vs the wretched capitalist present and blamed Jews
27
What awas the european Economic Depression (apparently) caused by and what happened?
Apparently caused by wealthy, prosperous Jews - Vienna Stock Market crashed and spread to rest of Europe. Affected mostly working and middle classes. Since Jews were wealthy they were not affected by the economic collapse
28
Rothschilds
Rich Jewish banking family
29
The Golden International
Capitalism was the fault of trans-national Jewish organizations - soon became a standard Anti-Semitic slogan
30
Social Darwinism
Race (not religion) makes Jews different
31
Pogroms
Outbreak of violent acts against Jewish people across Europe especially in Odessa, Ukraine
32
Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion
Said that Jews were manipulating world events behind the scenes and 12 Israeli tribes met for 'world domination' to establish economic-class conflict and war between nations. The Jews were omnipotent but also invisible. Extremely successful book that contributed to murderous pogroms and civil war - Blood Libels returned.
33
Reasons for Britain as the 'honorable exception' to antisemitism (5)
1. Broad toleration 2. Ghettos and blood libels rejected 2. Benjamin Disraeli served as PM (Jewish) 3. Rothschilds in House of Commons and Lords 4. Facist party failed to elect even one MP 5. Mass intake of Jewish refugees (30000+)
34
Casual Antisemitism
Racist stereotypes, usually as the back of many jokes - Cartoons of Disraeli, the Scarlet Pimpernel, Fagin
35
Outcome of WWI in Germany
Myth that Germany's near certain victory was undone by wealthy Jews, economic depression, starvation, mutinies. Protocols published and used by Nazi party
36
The Final Solution
Anti-Jewish race laws carried out by Hitler's men and advisors without written instruction from him - good at predicting his actions and wishes.
37
German War Guilt
Working/middle class 'only obeying orders' - knew what they were doing, suicide rate after war extremely high
38
Jewish conflict in the Soviet Union
Stalin used antisemitism in his campaigns. Jews were removed form high-ranking positions and treated as traitors and war profiters during the war (rumours they had left their posts during war) and their contributions during WWII were hidden.
39
Holocaust Denialism and Conspiracy
Echo similar self-defense mechanisms of conspiracy thinkers - "just asking questions!"
40
Strange death rate in English Kings
5/18 kings murdered, 4 of which in last 150 years between Norman Conquest and 1485. Had problems controlling powerful people, and died because they lost support and sympathy by the Peerage without which they cannot rule effectively.
41
William II
Killed by arrow shot by fellow hunter unknown if shot by purpose/accident (Walter Tyrell)
42
Edward II
Suspected of homosexual relations with court members and banished to prison by own wife. Her lover later killed Edward in prison.
43
Richard II
King at 10, starved to death after being usurped by Henry VI
44
Edward IV
Successor of Henry VI, died unexpectedly at 40. Married to Elizabeth for love, and was the brother of Richard III.
45
How did Richard III take power from Edward V?t
1) Toppled the Woodville family. 2) Toppling Lord Hastings who was loyal to Edward V 3) Edward IV was announced to be married to another and thus all his children were bastardized.
46
Richard III brought Edward V to the tower of London. Why was this not unusual?
Kings between their coronation did stay in the Tower of London.
47
After finding out what Richard III was doing, the Queen Mother Elizabeth fled into hiding with her children. However, she did hand over her second eldest son to Richard III after 3 days. Why?
Apparently to cheer Edward V up, but this meant that all the sons were in the tower. They were seen playing in the gardens and then never again.
48
Richard III announced that Edward IV was married to another to have all his children bastardized. Why was this not true?
Edward wasn't married, but he did say he'd be married. This was still binding according to the church, but the claim was only wrong if the woman in question brought it up. She was dead.
49
Who is Sir James Tyrell and why is he important?
Came clean 17 yrs after the princes were dead and said he helped murder them by smothering them and burying them under a set of stairs. 200 yrs later, two child bodies were found under a set of stairs in the tower.
50
Were the bodies under the stairs the actual bodies of the children?
Debatable. Present King and Dean of Westminster Abbey have to give their permission to check the skeletons' DNA.
51
Why was is plausable that Richard III murdered his nephews?
Richard III gained great disatisfaction as rumours started to spread that he murdered the boys. These rumours spread quickly and even reached France. It was very easy for him to dispel the rumours - just show the princes alive and well. So why didn't he? Occam's Razor - the simplest explanation is probably the right one.
52
Henry VII Tudor's motives from Ricardian Persepctive
United York and Lanicaster lines and had weak claim to the throne. If the boys were still alive he had motive to get rid of them.
53
Ricardian Perspective: Why would Richard III, their loving uncle, murder them?
bro bastardized them in front of all of england by claiming his brother was married to another
54
Ricardian Perspective: But Richard III has a good man!
Yes, Richard III was popular with the people as his parliament outlawed 'benevolences.' It could have easily been him desperately trying to get favour from the peerage.
55
Ricardian Perspective: Henry VII is worse, he's executed 50 people!
Yeah he was bad and very greedy, but Henry VII reigned for 20 yrs and Richard III ruled for 2
56
Describe the Henrician Reformation of the English Church
b/c of wanting to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII broke from the church of Rome and became supreme head of the church of england and becomes a protestant isle.
57
What did Henry gain from the Henrician Reformation?
He gained all the wealth from the catholic church in England and it became treason to deny Henry and his heirs rights. He dissolved all monasteries and catholic cathedrals and distributed property to the Peerage to keep them loyal.
58
What was the Six Articles Act?
Confirmed place of the seven sacraments of the Chuch and described protestant worship very similar to the catholic church.
59
Under Edward VI's Radical Reformation, what new laws were put in place under the abolition of Catholic Doctrine?
1. 3 sacraments only 2. No more purgatory 3. No good deeds = salvation, only faith gives salvation 4. Table replaces Altar, no priestly vestments 5. Images and icons condemned 6. predestination
60
What is predestination?
The idea that hell/heaven is set upon birth and everything that happens is gods will
61
What did Mary I do to religion in England?
She was catholic and brought England back under the Pope, 100s were burned at the stake for denying Catholic restoration and the suffering caused brought hatred to Catholicism
62
What did Elizabeth I do to religion in England?
She was smart and her childhood taught her caution so she put the interests of the state over her own interests. She put in place a moderate restoration: 1. Priestly clothing and authority was restored 2. There was the possibility of divine 'presence' in sacrament 3. She was named supreme 'governor' of the church
63
The problem with Mary Queen of Scots
Since Elizabeth I did not have any heirs and Mary was catholic, there was fear she would be the next queen. Scotland hated her and she fled to England which was a problem, later was executed.
64
The Pope's Regnans in Excelsis
basically encouraged catholics to murder Elizabeth I for not being catholic
65
John Knox wrote First Blast of the Trumpet Against Monstrous Regiment of Women, what did it entail?
Didn't like women, notably Mary Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I in charge.
66
What happened at the Hampton Court Conference?
The modern translation of the bible into english called the King James version after VI/I
67
What was the gunpowder plot?
A plot to blow up a house of lords and parliament by catholics - there was a space under the house available for rent. Someone snitched and sent a letter before hand, but people believe it to be god that showed the catholics' plan.
68
What is a Nation?
An imagined community bound by common language
69
Catholicism became a form of nationalism. What did the reformation have to do with this?
It eradicated latin and gave new language around Europe new significance.
70
What is the Book of Martyrs? - Acts and Monuments written by John Foxe
named and described the death of every protestant burned during the reign of Blood Mary. It was 2nd only to the bible for text in the english church
71
What happened with religion under King Charles I's rule?
30 yrs war of Catholicism vs Protestantism, rise of Arminianism as an attempt to revive Catholicism; 1. revived medieval law, Arminian bishops increased, no more funds for educated clergy, predestination proscribed, and recusancy fines channeled into royal finance.
72
What is the petition of right?
Written by parliament, said that anyone who brought back catholicism, arminianism or disagreeing with the orthodox church would be an enemy of the kingdom and a traitor.
73
What was the significance of the Claredon Code?
The first time the institution differences anglicans vs protestants.
74
What is the corporation act?
Describes urban/city government: people can't serve as officers in urban governments without swearing an oath of loyalty to the king and church and taking communion in church.
75
What is the test act?
People can't serves as officers in high offices without swearing an oath of loyalty to the king and church and taking communion in church.
76
What were the goals of the test and corporation acts?
To exclude catholics from offices because they can't take communion in church
77
the events that were 'god's warning' of the revived catholic threat
1. last great plague, 2. great fire of london, 3. humiliating ending to anglo-dutch war
78
What was the treaty of Dover?
It was a treaty signed between Louis 14 and Charles II that said Charles II would aid him in the conquering of netherlands with a secret clause that Louis 14 would give Charles II money to establish an absolute catholic monarchy in england.
79
What is the Popish Plot?
A prominate london magistrate was murdered suspiciously: there was also a catholic plot to assassinate Charles II and put his catholic brother James Duke of York on the throne
80
What was the Exclusion Crisis?
Should parliament excuse Charles II from the succession line to prevent James Duke of York from taking the throne? Ended up with two beliefs between Whigs and Tories, and the Parliament went back and forth between the king who kept vetoing and dismissing parliament until Charles never called parliament again and died.
81
What were the Whigs beliefs?
Wanted the exclusion of Charles II from the line of succession.
82
What were the Tories beliefs?
Wanted to have the strongest church in England, but believed that the Church and King were the most important and believed in the line of succession as god's will
83
What did James II (originally Duke of York) do for religon?
James II is catholic but he is tolerated because of his two anglican daughters - the eldest of which is married to the powerful netherland prince William III which was protestant. Plus, no one wanted civil war again so no one went against James II. However, James II has a baby boy right before he dies.
84
What happens when it is announced that James II has a baby boy?
Seven prominent lords meet up and write to Prince William III to come and invade England to take the throne. He does and William III and Mary II are made co-monarchs
85
What is the Delaration of Rights?
Forbids any catholic from ever taking the throne.
86
What is the Act of Succession?
Throne is past to rulers of the Hanoverian line who were safety protestant after Anne, James II daughter, dies.

HSTR 122 (3 decks)

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