Quizzes Flashcards
1
Q
One of psychology’s two main goals is:
to create knowledge about people based on research
to simplify the human mind
to discover and understand people’s primitive needs
to give people important academic jobs
A
to create knowledge about people based on research
2
Q
Most human behaviour research in the USA today is conducted on
hospital patients
a broad spectrum of people from all genders, races, ethnic groups, cultures, social and economic classes, and lifestyles
university students
middle-aged white men
A
University Students
3
Q
Cross-cultural psychology seeks to find principles and truth that are
universal to some people in some cultures and culture specific to all people of all cultures.
universal to all culturally specific people.
culturally specific to all universal people
universal to all people of all cultures or culture-specific to some people in some cultures.
A
Universal to all people of all cultures or culture specific to some people in some cultures
4
Q
The absolutist position assumes that factors underlying behaviour are ______________ , whereas researchers from the relativist position argue they are _________________ .
cultural; biological
biological and cultural; cultural
absolute; universal
biological; cultural
A
biological; cultural
5
Q
According to the universalist perspective, similarities in human behaviour across cultures are:
not considered worthwhile to examine
due to species-wide basic processes
due to culture-organism interactions
due to cultural influences
A
due to species-wide basic processes
6
Q
The perspective that involves the claim that all procedures should occur within the local cultural context is the ________________ orientation.
emic
universalist
relativist
absolutist
A
relativist
7
Q
Parenting beliefs in Western countries tend to emphasize
protection of the child
playing an active-goal-directed role in their child’s development
a focus on enjoying the parent-child relationship simply letting the child 'grow up'
A
playing an active-goal-directed role in their child’s development
8
Q
A parental style characterised as warm and nurturing, with few firm parental guidelines for behaviour is
Answers: authoritative
permissive
uninvolved
authoritarian
A
permissive
9
Q
_________________________ is a period that is probably subject to more cultural and environmental impact than any other in the lifespan.
Answers: Childhood
Adolescence
None of the options is correct: all time periods are equally impacted by cultural and environmental factors.
Middle adulthood.
A
Childhood
10
Q
Some researchers have criticised cross-cultural research that uses parenting styles because
Answers:
the meanings of specific dimensions associated with a parenting style (e.g., warmth, control) may vary in meaning across cultures.
it may not account for cultural differences in parenting goals and beliefs. All of the options are correct. it is based on observations of a European-American sample.
A
All options correct
11
Q
Of the many different child-rearing behaviours in which people of different cultures engage, one of the most representative of cultural differences concerns
Answers: rule setting. nurturent behaviours sleeping arrangements. the use of physical punishment.
A
Sleeping arrangements
12
Q
Cross-cultural variations in caregiver responsibilities have been found for: Answers: mothers All of the options are correct. Siblings Fathers
A
all options
13
Q
The education system is probably the most important institution that
Answers: provides an environmental setting in which education sometimes occurs.
socialises our children and teaches and reinforces important cultural values.
encourages an informative model of teaching.
gives an opportunity for poor families to educate themselves
A
socialises our children and teaches and reinforces important cultural values.
14
Q
Research suggests that Chinese and Japanese parents and teachers are more likely to emphasise the importance of __________ in children’s learning and achievement.
Answers: innate differences in ability
obedience
individual effort and innate ability equally
individual effort
A
individual effort
15
Q
Research on malnutrition and temperament of Masai infants supports the concept of:
Answers: a. goodness of fit (between temperament and environment) b. universal developmental pathways c. culture specific developmental pathways d. developmental contextualism
A
goodness of fit (between temperament and environment)
16
Q
The idea that development is driven by nature's close interaction with nurture is called: Answers: a. universalism b. contextual development c. developmental contextualism d. sociocultural theory
A
developmental contextualism
17
Q
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the Strange Situation task used to assess attachment has been challenged by cross-cultural research. Answers: a. accuracy b. cross-cultural validity c. reliability d. consistency
A
cross-cultural validity
18
Q
Keller proposed three cultural models of attachment. The one that is most similar to the Bowlby/Ainsworth model developed in North America is:
Answers: a. hierarchical relatedness b. psychological autonomy c. ethic of community d. hybrid model
A
psychological autonomy
19
Q
In contrast to Piaget, Vygotsky saw cognitive development as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ culture. Answers: a. the same as b. inseparable from c. totally distinct from d. more important than
A
inseparable from
20
Q
Research conducted across a range of cultures has resulted in alternatives to Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning. These are: Answers: a. ethic of autonomy and ethic of community b. ethic of community and ethic of divinity c. ethic of divinity and ethic of autonomy d. ethic of divinity and ethic of justice
A
ethic of community and ethic of divinity
21
Q
Zac is a shy child, wary of new people and situations. Research suggests that his temperament would be considered desirable in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ culture but undesirable in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ culture. Answers: a. Chinese; European b. Japanese; German c. Chinese; North American d. Australian; North American
A
Chinese; North American
22
Q
Kohlberg's stages of preconventional and conventional morality are considered to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Answers: a. problematic b. universal c. culture-specific d. invalid
A
universal
23
Q
the approach to parenting in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities could be decsribed as what kind of cultural model, according to Keller’s three models?
Answers: a. hierarchical relatedness b. psychological autonomy c. culture-specific d. hybrid
A
hierarchical relatedness
24
Q
Cross-cultural research on the timing of developmental milestones suggests that there are:
Answers: a. interactive pathways b. culture specific pathways c. universal developmental pathways d. universal and culture-specific developmental pathways
A
universal and culture-specific developmental pathways
25
Cross-cultural research on Piaget's stages of cognitive development suggests that
Answers: a.
the stages occur in a different order across cultures and there are variations in the timing at which chidlren reach the third and fourth stages
b.
Piaget's model only applies in North American and European cultures.
c.
the stages occur in the same order in most cultures but there are variations in the timing at which children reach the third and fourth stages
d.
the stages occur in the same order across cultures and children reach the third and fourth stages at the same ages.
the stages occur in the same order in most cultures but there are variations in the timing at which children reach the third and fourth stages
26
Hierarchical relatedness is a cultural model of attachment in which:
Answers: a.
security is developed within a network of community members
b.
security is developed through the close bond with the primary caregiver
c.
security is developed through connections with grandparents
d.
security is developed over time as the child ages
security is developed within a network of community members
27
Self-concepts
Answers: are shaped and moulded by culture.
All options are correct.
influence all other aspects of individual behaviour.
are most evident when people with different senses of self interact.
All options are correct.
28
The people who adopt an interdependent construal of self
```
Answers: a.
view themselves in relation to specific social contexts.
b.
focus on intelligence.
c.
are often co-dependent.
d.
do not have knowledge about their internal attributes.
```
view themselves in relation to specific social contexts
29
How is the ‘self’ seen in Western or individualistic cultures?
```
Answers: a.
As a bounded entity consisting of needs, motives, abilities and rights
b.
As controlled or guided by attributes
c.
None of the options is correct
d.
As a self-definition
```
As a bounded entity consisting of needs, motives, abilities and rights
30
When members of a culture possess a self-concept that is fundamentally connected to important others in their lives, they can be said to
Answers: a.
possess an internal locus of control.
b.
be socially engaged.
c.
be deficient in recognizing relevant social contexts.
d.
possess an interdependent construal of self.
possess an interdependent construal of self
31
```
Research studies that have asked participants to write down descriptive characteristics of themselves have shown that American participants tend to emphasize ____________, while Asian participants emphasize ___________.
Answers: a.
abstract traits; internal attributes
b.
situation specific self-descriptions; abstract traits.
c.
abstract traits; social relationships
d.
social relationships; specific contexts
```
abstract traits; social relationships
32
The cross-cultural research cited in the text suggests that the fundamental attribution error may be
Answers: a.
less robust or pervasive in cultures emphasising an interdependent construal of self.
b.
more robust or pervasive in cultures emphasizing an interdependent construal of self.
c.
universal.
d.
less robust or pervasive in cultures emphasising an independent construal of self.
less robust or pervasive in cultures emphasising an interdependent construal of self.
33
The general notion of happiness (i.e., generic positive emotions) is most often reported as being associated with
Answers: a.
experiencing socially engaged emotions among Americans
b.
experiencing socially disengaged emotions among Japanese.
c.
socially-oriented achievement.
d.
experiencing socially engaged emotions among Japanese.
experiencing socially engaged emotions among Japanese.
34
```
Many studies assume that Asians have interdependent self-construals and are collectivistic, while Americans have independent self-construals and are individualistic. These assumptions
Answers: a.
are absolutely invalid
b.
are absolutely valid
c.
are based on research in Japan only
d.
may or may not be valid and need to be carefully evaluated
```
may or may not be valid and need to be carefully evaluated
35
```
People from collective cultures are comfortable describing themselves in terms of abstract, internal attributes when
Answers: a.
a context is specified
b.
a person is specified
c.
they are with those of their own status
d.
they are at home
```
a context is specified
36
Cross-cultural research examining personality supports which of the following claims?
Answers: That the Five Factor Model of personality appears to be universal for all humans.
All of the options are correct.
That the Revised NEO Personality Inventory is valid across a wide range of cultures.
That Americans, Australians and New Zealanders tend to be high on extraversion.
All of the options are correct.
37
If the Five Factors of personality are universal then they must be _________ in origin.
Answers: ecological
cultural/environmental
biological
None of the answers is correct. There is not enough evidence to determine the origins of the Five Factors. It is likely that both play a role.
None of the answers is correct. There is not enough evidence to determine the origins of the Five Factors. It is likely that both play a role.
38
A dimension of personality not included in the Five Factors that might be relevant in many Asian cultures is
Answers: Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Interpersonal relatedness
Independent self-construal
Interpersonal relatedness
39
A primary concern about the research that uses personality scales developed in the USA to assess personality differences across cultures is whether
Answers: a.
All of the options are correct.
b.
the instruments are reliable across cultures.
c.
the instruments are valid across cultures.
d.
the personality domains measured are equivalent and existent across cultures.
all options
40
```
In addition to the Five Factor Theory, another approach proposed to account for the universality of the Five Factor Model is
Answers: the evolutionary approach
the indigenous personality theory
the biological approach
the national character theory
```
the evolutionary approach
41
National character refers to
Answers:
a culture's values
individualism and collectivism
the perception that each culture has a modal personality and most people in that culture share aspects of it
someone who is prototypical of their culture
the perception that each culture has a modal personality and most people in that culture share aspects of it
42
Constellations of personality traits and characteristics found only in a specific culture are called:
Answers: interdependent self-construals
indigenous personalities
independent personalities
national characters
indigenous personalities
43
Cross-cultural research on personality traits suggests that
Answers: the Five Factor Model of personality is invalid across cultures
perceptions of national character are largely inaccurate stereotypes
perceptions of national character accurately capture cultural differences in values, beliefs and attitudes
people in many western cultures are highly introverted
perceptions of national character are largely inaccurate stereotypes
44
```
In cultures high on masculinity there are ________ .
Answers: a.
double standards about sex
b.
All of the options are correct.
c.
norms encouraging more passive roles for women
d.
```
moralistic attitides about sex
All of the options are correct.
45
```
When it comes to sexuality, there are cultural similarities in people's attitudes to __________ but cultural variation in their attitudes to __________.
Answers: a.
incest; premarital sex
b.
teen sex; homosexuality
```
c.
adultery; incest
d.
premarital sex; homosexuality
incest; premarital sex
46
```
The degree to which a person adopts the gender-specific behaviours ascribed by his/her culture is called
Answers: a.
their gender identity
b.
their sex role
c.
their gender stereotype
d.
their gender role
```
their gender role
47
```
___________ has a large influence on gender differences.
Answers: a.
Sex
b.
Masculinity
c.
Culture
d.
Biology
```
culture
48
Williams and Best's cross-cultural study of gender stereotypes showed that men were universally associated with ______________ compared with women.
Answers: a.
stronger and more active characteristics
b.
stronger and more aggressive characteristics
c.
stronger and less nurturing characteristics
d.
stronger and more favourable characteristics
Stronger and more active characteristics
49
```
In Hofstede's research, Japan was found to have __________, and Norway ___________ , masculinity scores.
Answers: a.
extreme; zero
b.
None of the options is correct.
c.
lower; higher
d.
higher; lower
```
higher; lower
50
```
Differences in masculinity and femininity have been shown to be related to _____________.
Answers: a.
sexist ideologies
b.
individualism and collectivism
c.
sex roles
d.
gender identity
```
sexist ideologies
51
```
Cross-cultural studies show that male superiority in spatial abilities is ____________.
Answers: a.
related to poor verbal comprehension.
b.
only present in Western cultures.
c.
culture-specific.
d.
universal
```
culture-specific.
52
```
Which of the following five factors of personality has been shown to differ for men and women, across cultures?
Answers: a.
Conscientiousness
b.
Neuroticism
c.
Extraversion
d.
Openness to experiences
```
Neuroticism
53
```
Which of the following shows strong differences between men and women in many cultures?
Answers: a.
spatial ability
b.
verbal comprehension
c.
conformity
d.
the division of household labour
```
the division of household labour
54
Cross-cultural research on mental processes shows there are
Answers: a.
cultural differences in basic cognitive processes.
b.
cultural similarities and differences in the ways people think.
c.
cultural similarities in the ways people think.
d.
cultural differences in the ways people think.
cultural differences in basic cognitive processes
55
The ''culture as cognition'' argument is that
Answers: a.
some basic processes are universal and higher-order processes are culture-specific.
b.
humans have cognitive skills than animals do not.
c.
culture exists collectively not only inside individual minds.
d.
culture is simply a set of mental representations or knowledge system.
culture is simply a set of mental representations or knowledge system.
56
Masuda and colleagues' research on culture and attention demonstrated that Japanese students were ____________ than were American students.
Answers: a.
less attentive to the background
b.
more attentive to the fish
c.
more attentive to the background
d.
more attentive to the emotional expression
more attentive to the background
57
```
Analytical processing...
Answers: a.
separates the focal object or person from the context or background.
b.
is proposed to be more common in Western cultures.
c.
is context-independent
d.
All of the options are correct.
```
All of the options are correct.
58
Optical illusions like the Mueller-Lyer and Ponzo illusion
Answers: a.
are not evident in all cultural groups.
```
b.
get worse as we get older.
c.
are not influenced by education.
d.
are evident in all cultural groups.
```
are evident in all cultural groups.
59
```
The cultural differences observed in responses to Hudson's depth perception task (what is the hunter's target?) suggests that Western people are more used to ____________________ compared with Bantu people in South Africa.
Answers: a.
round environments
b.
symbolizing 3 dimensionals in 2D
c.
carpentered worlds
d.
analytical processing
```
symbolizing 3 dimensionals in 2D
60
Although there appear to be cultural differences in _____________ memory, there is evidence of consensus with regard to remembering _____________ .
Answers: a.
major world events; autobiographical events
b.
specific events; autobiographical events
c.
autobiographical events; major world events
d.
long-term; recent events
autobiographical events; major world events
61
Cross-cultural research demonstrates that the ability to reason logically to solve problems
Answers: all of the options are correct.
is context-dependent.
depends on participants' familiarity with the materials.
is influenced by formal schooling
all options
62
```
Which of the following is NOT a cultural dimension that has been linked to differences in how creativity is fostered?
Answers: power-distance
individualism-collectivism
uncertainty-avoidance
analytical versus holistic processing
```
analytical versus holistic processing
63
```
Presented with a scenario in which there are tensions between father and son over the son's occupational choice, you consider both sides and try to reconcile them. This is an example of _____________ .
Answers: a.
dialectical thinking
b.
creative thinking
c.
logical deterministic thinking
d.
convergent thinking
```
dialectical thinking
64
Cross-cultural research strongly suggests that culture may affect
Answers: a.
attitudes about and compliance with treatment.
b.
when someone seeks diagnosis and treatment
c.
beliefs about disease causation
d.
All of the options are correct
All of the options are correct
65
```
According to Chinese religion and philosophy, poor health results from
Answers: a.
Too much cold food
b.
Too much yang (positive energy)
c.
Too much yin (negative energy)
d.
Either too much yin (negative energy) or too much yang (positive energy)
```
Either too much yin (negative energy) or too much yang (positive energy)
66
Perceptions concerning the causes of health problems and the type of treatment sought
Answers: a.
can change as a function of acculturation
b.
are relatively stable across ethnic groups
c.
are relatively stable over time
d.
do not vary across ethnic groups
can change as a function of acculturation
67
Which of the following is a factor that may help to improve the success of treatment, particularly among members of collectivistic cultures?
Answers: a.
Emphasising the superiority of Western medical approaches
b.
Involving the immediate and extended family
c.
Employing bilingual health care providers
d.
Focusing on the individual
Involving the immediate and extended family
68
```
A poor understanding of how abnormal behaviour is closely bound to cultural context may lead to
Answers: a.
All options are correct.
b.
overdiagnosis
c.
misdiagnosis
d.
underdiagnosis
```
All options are correct
69
Results from the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia conducted by the World Health Organization showed
Answers: a.
Both b and c
b.
a set of certain symptoms common to all cultures in the schizophrenic samples.
c.
differences in the course of illness and expression of some symptoms,
d.
neither b nor
Both b and c
70
```
Reports of cultural differences in ___________ have raised questions about the validity of assessment techniques used in cross-cultural comparisons of schizophrenia and other disorders.
Answers: a.
treatment
b.
willingness to seek treatment
c.
gender roles
d.
diagnosis
```
diagnosis
71
```
Cultures seem to vary with respect to the likelihood of expression of _________ as a symptom of depression.
Answers: a.
somatic complaints
b.
backache
c.
extreme feelings of worthlessness
d.
insomnia
```
somatic complaints
72
One of the problems with using measurement tools for assessing abnormality is:
Answers: a.
All of the options are correct
b.
definitions of abnormality may vary and culture specific expressions of the disease may be missed.
c.
they have problems in translation
d.
difficulties and differences in how they are administered.
All of the options are correct
73
Indigenous healing systems might be effective because
Answers: a.
they apply universal principles of healing
b.
they operate within a particular cultural worldview.
c.
they are generally less expensive than traditional therapy.
d.
they are frightening.
they apply universal principles of healing
74
```
Some research suggests that similarity of ___________ between the client and therapist may be more important than _________ similarity.
Answers: a.
culture; personality
b.
ethnicity; cultural
c.
worldviews; ethnic
d.
age; ethnic
```
worldviews; ethnic
75
```
Which of the following was not cited in the text (Matsumoto & Juang) as a commonality among indigenous treatments?
Answers: a.
the role of the community in treatment
b.
Reliance on religion and spirituality
c.
Emphasis on biomedical approaches
d.
the role of the family in treatment
```
Emphasis on biomedical approaches
76
The textbook (Matsumoto & Juang) noted that many researchers have argued that
Answers: a.
biologically based treatments are culture-free.
b.
none of the popular Western treatments (e.g., psychoanalysis, client-centred therapy, cognitive-behavioural) have anything to offer to any group except European Americans.
c.
behaviour modification treatments are culture-free.
d.
treatment methods should be modified to fit the worldview of the clients
treatment methods should be modified to fit the worldview of the clients
77
```
____________ is an indigenous therapy in Japan that involves continuous meditation that is guided by highly structured instruction in self-observation and self-reflection.
Answers: a.
Naikan
b.
Wakama
c.
Morita
d.
Zar
```
Naikan
78
A culturally sensitive approach to treatment might
Answers: a.
incorporate traditional healing practices
b.
include an awareness of cultural beliefs about the course of treatment
c.
All of the options are correct
d.
take into account cultural conceptions about the causes of an illness.
All of the options are correct
79
Sue, Akutsu, and Higashi (1985) argued that the culturally sensitive therapist will have acquired
Answers: a.
skill and comfort in using innovative treatment methods.
b.
knowledge of diverse cultures and lifestyles.
c.
actual experience working with culturally diverse clients
d.
All of the options are correct
All of the options are correct
80
Most western-based psychotherapeutic approaches focus on
Answers: a.
the interaction between the individual and his or her culture.
b.
the client’s family
c.
All of the options are correct
d.
the individual client’s thoughts and feelings.
the individual client’s thoughts and feelings
81
```
Individualism-collectivism is a dimension that describes the relationship between
Answers: 1.
an individual and the group to which he or she belongs
2.
genders in a marital relationship
3.
the dominant culture and minorities
4.
all of the above
```
an individual and the group to which he or she belongs
82
Institutional discrimination is
Answers: a.
when discriminatory policies and practices are found within the institutions of a country or community.
b.
when discrimination is based on rational argument.
c.
when institutions refuse to hire people from particular racial groups.
d.
reverse discrimination.
when discriminatory policies and practices are found within the institutions of a country or community.
83
```
A negative and unfavourable attitude towards a social group and its members is called:
Answers: a.
discrimination
b.
dehumanisation
c.
stereotype
d.
prejudice.
```
prejudice
84
```
A stereotype is:
Answers: a.
behaviour towards members of an outgroup
b.
a shared and simplified image of members of a group.
c.
the affective component of an attitude
d.
a specific prototype.
```
a shared and simplified image of members of a group.
85
Which of the following is not true about the nature of prejudice?
Answers: a.
it is based on distorted facts or illogical assumptions
b.
it is an attitude
c.
it can be based on language, race, gender identity, social status, and sexual orientation
d.
it is an unlearned or innate way of thinking
it is an unlearned or innate way of thinking
86
According to Berry’s model of acculturation strategies, the two main dimensions of acculturation are how much the individual or group:
Answers: a.
wishes to assimilate versus integrate.
b.
wishes to keep their language, culture and customs.
c.
seeks to maintain heritage culture versus adoption of new culture.
d.
seeks to maintain their heritage culture and seeks contact with other groups
seeks to maintain their heritage culture and seeks contact with other groups
87
```
Research shows that the most commonly reported acculturation strategy among immigrants is:
Answers: a.
integration.
b.
marginalisation.
c.
separation.
d.
assimilation
```
integration
88
```
Same-race bias in face recognition is
Answers: a.
when people are better at recognising faces of people within their own ethnic/racial group.
b.
culture-specific.
c.
related to individualism-collectivism.
d.
a finding that we observe in older adults
```
when people are better at recognising faces of people within their own ethnic/racial group.
89
```
What kind of love is more highly valued in marriage in individualist cultures?
Answers: a.
maternal love
b.
platonic love
c.
romantic love
d.
physical love
```
romantic love
90
In terms of attractiveness, there is agreement across cultures in _________________ but cultural differences in ____________ .
Answers: a.
desirable facial features; desirable leg to body ratio.
b.
what we find attractive; the meaning of attractiveness
c.
the meaning of attractiveness; what we find attractive
d.
desirable personality traits; what we find attractive.
what we find attractive; the meaning of attractiveness
91
```
Conformity is higher in ___________________ than ___________________ cultures
a.
collectivist; individualist
b.
North American; Asian
c.
loose; tight
d.
individualist; collectivist
```
collectivist; individualist
92
Which of the following factors is NOT associated with cultural differences in aggression and conflict ?
```
a.
conformity
b.
gender egalitarianism
c.
climate
d.
economic inequality
```
conformity
93
```
Which of the following is not a key feature of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Australian) cultures?
Answers: a.
spirituality
b.
individualism
c.
kinship and reciprocity
d.
diversity
```
individualism
94
```
Traditional Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander concepts of health and illness include:
Answers: a.
physical factors.
b.
spiritual factors.
c.
emotional factors.
d.
All answers are correct.
```
All answers are correct
95
Which of the following is not a suggestion for the psychologist’s role in working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, according to the text (Garvey)?
```
Answers: a.
adopting the expert role
b.
credibility
c.
cultural competence
d.
understanding behaviour in context
```
adopting the expert role
96
In Garvey’s text, Meredith Green’s account of being served ahead of an Indigenous Australian man in a bottle shop is presented as an example of:
```
Answers: a.
Prompt service
b.
life in multicultural Australia
c.
White privilege
d.
racism
```
White privilege
97
Practices such as the forcible removal of Aboriginal Australian children from their families (the ‘Stolen Generations’) are intended to produce ...... but are most likely to produce ..... of the acculturation orientations using Berry’s model.
```
Answers: a.
separation; integration
b.
integration; separation
c.
assimilation; marginalisation
d.
assimilation; integration
```
assimilation; marginalisation
98
Etics
universal psychological processes
99
Emics
Culture-specific psychological processes
100
Define Culture
Unique meaning & information system, shared by a group across generations to meet survival needs, pursue happiness and meaning in life. Beliefs and practices of group.
101
Define Society
structure of relationships between people
102
Individualism
Independent construal of self
103
Collectivism
interdependent, in-groups look after each other
104
Power distance
cultures that allow less powerful members to accept power, distributing power
105
Religion
Organised system of beliefs
106
Concept of Self
part of ones worldviews, how one sees oneself in relation to rest of the world, culture
107
Independent & Interdependent
Exist simultaneously in person
108
Terror management theory
We know we're dying, fearing this we create psychological phenomena as a buffer
109
National Character
perception that culture has an average personality type
110
Is the Five factor Model Universal? Which studies?
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not enough evidence
OCEAN,
Mcrae
NEO personality inventory NEO PIR
Extraversion & Neuroticism most important
```
111
Sex
Biological differences, reproductive system
112
Sex roles
Behaviours and patterns engaged in based on sex
113
Sexual identity
Awareness/recognition of sex & sex roles
114
Gender roles
adopting gender specific behaviour given by culture
115
Gender stereotype
Psychological or behavioural characteristics associated with men/women
116
Biosocial Model
Biological differences crossover with environment to produce culture specific sex roles through adapting to environment.
117
Androgyny
Gender identity of both male and female characteristics
118
Attention
Perception
Cognition
Focusing in our environment
Perceiving the world, culturally different perceptions
Thinking / Categorising / Problem solving
119
Holistic Perception
| Analytical Perception
context dependent, relationship between objects and their contexts
Context-independent, focus on object not background
120
Blind spot
| Microsaccades
optic nerve to brain causing lack of sensory cells i.e. gaps in vision
Micro eye movements to fill in gaps in vision
121
Carpentered world theory
people used to seeing rectangular objects, square corners.
122
Front-horizontal foreshortening theory
vertical lines extend into the distance (interpret as horizontal)
123
3D in two
Western look on paper interpret 3D
124
Hindsight bias
Adjust memory once finding out truth
125
Serial Position effect
Remember first/last object in series
126
episodic memory
specific events remembering time/place
127
dialectical thinking
tendency accept contradictions in thoughts/beliefs
128
Social Orientation hypothesis
differences in individualism and collectivism associated with differences in social orientation patterns affecting their thoughts/attending to worlds
129
biomedical model
disease comes from specific cause, pathogen.
130
pathogen
infection agent such as virus
131
Biopsychosocial mdoel
disease results from biological, psychological and social factors
132
holistic
interconnection between health and environment/relationships/spiritual world
133
enculturation
| acculturation
learning culture
adopting different cultural system
134
How does culture influence health and disease processes?
```
Genetics
Lifestyle/behaviour
Attitudes & beliefs
Health care
Environment
```
135
Cultural relativism
psychological disorders need to be understood in cultural framework
136
Hofstede 4 dimensions of cultural differences
Power Distance Index (degree to which inequality exists)
Individualism VS Collectivism
Masculinity Vs Femininity
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (dealing with uncertainty/anxiety)
