Quizzes Flashcards
0
Q
The left ovarian drains directly into the:
A
Left renal vein
1
Q
Fluid noted posterior to the uterus would most likely be located within the:
A
Pouch of Douglas
2
Q
Pelvic bones, when visualizes on sonography, will produce:
A
Posterior shadowing
3
Q
The anterior cul-de-sac is also referred to as the:
A
Vesicouterine pouch
4
Q
The right ovarian vein drains directly into the:
A
Ivc
5
Q
The innominate bones of the pelvis consist of:
A
Ischium, ilium, and pubic bones
6
Q
The true pelvis is delineated from the false pelvis by the
A
Linea terminalis
7
Q
The uterus is located to the rectum:
A
Anterior
8
Q
The muscles that may be confused with the ovaries on a pelvic sonogram include the:
A
Piriformus and iliopsoas muscles
9
Q
Sonographically pelvic muscles appear:
A
Hypoechoic
10
Q
Peritoneal spaces located posterior to the broad ligaments are referred to as the:
A
Adnexa
11
Q
The paired muscles that are located lateral to the uterus and anterior to the iliac crest are:
A
Iliopsoas muscles
12
Q
Fluid noted anterior to the uterus would most likely be located within the:
A
Vesicouterine pouch
13
Q
The bilateral muscles that are located posterior to and extend from the sacrum to the femoral greater trochanter are the
A
Piriformus muscles
14
Q
The pelvic ligament that provides support to the ovary and extends from the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus is:
A
Ovarian ligament
15
Q
The pelvic muscle group that is located between coccyx and the pubis is the:
A
Levator ani muscles
16
Q
The space of retzius is located:
A
Between the bladder and pubic bone
17
Q
The right ovarian artery branches off of the:
A
Aorta
18
Q
The muscle located lateral to the ovaries is the:
A
Obuturator internus muscle
19
Q
Weakening of these muscles may lead to prolapse of the pelvic organs:
A
Levator ani and coccygeus muscles
20
Q
The arteries that directly supply blood to the functional layer of the:
A
Spiral arteries
21
Q
Another name for the rectouterine pouch is:
A
Pouch of Douglas
22
Q
The pelvic ligament that extends from the lateral aspect of the uterus to the side walls of the pelvis is the:
A
Broad ligament
23
Q
The uterine artery branches off the:
A
Internal iliac artery
24
The peripheral arteries of the uterus are the:
Arcuate arteries
25
The urinary bladder, uterus, and ovaries are located within the:
True pelvis
26
The ligament that extends from the ovary to the pelvic side wall is the:
Suspensory ligament
27
Pelvic bones when visualized on sonography, will appear:
Hyperechoic
28
The ovary is supplied blood by the:
Ovarian artery and uterine artery
29
Follicle stimulating hormone is produced by the:
Anterior pituitary gland
30
Painful and difficult menstruation is termed:
Dysmenorrhea
31
The hormone of the pituitary gland that stimulates follicular development
Fsh
32
The first phase of the ovarian cycle is
Follicular phase
33
The hormone produced by the hypothalamus that controls the release of the hormones for menstruation by the anterior pituitary gland is:
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
34
The hormone that is responsible for ovulation is:
Luteinizing hormone
35
The first phase of the endometrial cycle is the:
Proliferative phase
36
The corpus luteum primarily releases:
Progesterone
37
The arteries within the functional layer of the endometrium that are altered by the hormones of the ovary are the:
Spiral arteries
38
The second phase of the endometrial cycle is the
Secretory phase
39
Which of the following hormones is released by the ovary during the second half of the menstrual cycle
Progesterone
40
Luteinizing hormone is produced by the
Anterior pituitary gland
41
The first menstrual cycle is termed:
Menarche
42
The second phase of the ovarian cycle is called
Luteal phase
43
The two hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that impact the menstrual cycle
Luteum icing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
44
Which hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase stimulated endometrial thickening
Estrogen
45
The small vessels found along the periphery of the uterus are call the?
arcuate arteries
46
The endometrium is at its greatest thickness and echogenicity with posterior enhancement in the _______________ phase.
secretory
47
The difference between peak systole and peak diastole is know as
S/D ratio
48
A procedure where sterile saline is infused into the endometrial cavity via a catheter to help demonstrate abnormalities in the cavity is ?
sonohysterography
49
To image the fundus of the anteverted uterus with transvaginal sonography, the transducer should be angled so the handle is ?
toward the bed
50
symmetric bilateral pelvic structures are most likely?
pelvic muscles
51
flexion refers to the axis of the uterine body relative to the ?
cervix
52
Nabothian cysts are found__________?
endocervical canal
53
arcuate artery calcification are seen in _______ women.
diabetic
54
The most accurate way to measure the cervical fundal dimension of the uterus is?
transabdominally
55
Name three things that the distended urinary bladder does to allow visualization of the pelvic organs.
1. pushes uterus down
2. use as an acoustic window
3.
56
What features should be documented when a mass is found on the pelvic sonogram?
size, location, external contour and internal consistency
57
What are some contraindications of performing a tranvaginal sonogram?
age, patient refusal, virgin, lack of patient tolerance
58
The vaginal opening is also know as?
introtius
59
name the six muscle groups of the pelvis
1. leviator ani
2. piriformius
3. psoas
4. illacus
5. obturator internus
6. coccygeus
60
_________ is the measurement that takes the highest systolic peak minus the highest diastolic peak divided by the highest systolic peak.
pourcelot resistive index
61
In an infant, the endometrium may appear thick and echogenic because of ?
hormones from the mother
62
Patient's with postmenopausal bleeding and an endometrial double layer thickness great than_____ should have further evaluation
5mm
63
Typically the ovary is located just lateral to the ________ and anteromedial to the __________, which can be used as a landmark to localize the artery.
uterus, internal illiac
64
During the proliferative phase, many follicles develop and increase in size until about day 8 or 9 of the menstrual cycle. This is cause by?
FSH, LH
65
The volume of the ovary is calculated using the formula for a prolate ellipse which is:
.523 x length x width x height
66
prepubertally the cervix occupies ______ of the uterine length and the uterus is about 1 to 3 cm in length and .5 to 1 cm in width.
2/3
67
The sonographic appearance of the proliferative endometrium is known as the _______ sign
3 line sign
68
The best sonographic marker for the ovary is identification of a _______
follicle
69
Because of the variability in shape, __________ is considered the best method for determining ovarian size.
volume
70
```
Clinical signs of a 32 year old woman with an enlarged uterus on physical examination and a history of cycle profuse, prolonged bleeding with increasing pain most likely represent:
A) early pregnancy
B) leiomyoma
C) ruptured Nabothian cycst
D) ruptured follicular
```
B) leiomyoma
71
```
The most common site for a leiomyoma to occur is:
A) submucosal
B) subserosal
C) pedunculated
D) intramural
```
D) intramural
72
```
Complication in delivery may occur with pregnancy if a fibroid is located:
A near the fundus
B. pedunculated off the fundus
C. near the cervix
D. near the ovar
```
near the cervix
73
Hydrometra appears sonographically as:
A) a sonolucent tubular structure in the adnexa
B) an echogenic thickening of the endometrium
C) a sonolucent fluid collection in the uterine canal
D) a sonolucent fluid collection in the uterus, cervix and vagina
C. a sonolucent fluid collection in the uterine canal
74
A benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium is known as:
Adenomyosis
75
A hyperplastic protrusion of the epithelium of the cervix; may be broad based or pedunculated
cerivcal polyp
76
The most common sonographic finding in the endometrial carcinoma:
abnormal thickening of the endometrial cavity
77
A small percentage of leiomyomas are located in the:
cervix
78
An acquired condition with obstruction of the cervical canal is most likely a result of:
cervical stenosis
79
The size and shape of the normal uterus are related to all except which of the following?
family history
80
Which leiomyoma location is most likely to cause heavy irregular uterine bleeding?
submucosal
81
The most common cause of uterine calcification is:
myomas
82
On ultrasound, the characteristic appearance of a degenerating leiomyoma is:
heterogeneous
83
Which of the following statements about adenomyosis is false?
A) Ectopic tissue arises from stratum functionalis of the endometrium
B) adenomyosis can be managed with hormone therapy
C) adenomyosis may cause abnormal uterine bleeding
D) Adenomyosis may cause pelvic pain during menstruation
A) Ectopic tissue arises from stratum functionalis of the endometrium
84
Endometrial hyperplasia develops from:
unopposed estrogen stimulation
85
A 3-day postpartum woman compalins of intense pelvic pain. Sonographically, the uterus appears hypoechoic with an irregular endometrium. This most likely represents:
endometritis
86
Only ____% of women with postmenopausal bleeding have endometrial carcinoma.
10%
87
Patients on tamoxifen therarpy have an increased risk of:
enodmetrial hyperplasia
endometrial polys
endometrial carcinoma
88
A 28 year old woman presents with left lower quadrant pain. Her last menstrual period was 2 weeks ago. Sonographically, the uterine body displays a highly echogenic structure in the endometrial cavity. This most likely represents:
an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD)
89
Irregular, acyclic bleeding is defined as:
metrorrhea
90
Where might you find a Gartner's duct cyst?
vagina
91
In a posthysterectomy patient, the normal vaginal cuff should not exceed ____cm.
2
92
The duplication of the uterus with a common cervix is:
bicornuate uterus
93
a blood filled vagina and uterus is know as:
hematometrocolpos
94
An anomaly of the uterus in which only one horn develops is known as:
unicornuate uterus
95
A fluid filled vagina is:
hydrocolpos
96
A complete duplication of the uterus, cervix, and vagina is:
didelphys uterus
97
In this condition, blood may be seen in the cervix and uterine cavities:
vaginal atresia
98
The "cigar" shaped uterus that is deviated to one side is called:
unicornuate uterus
99
Early in development, both sexes appear similar until the _____ week of gestation.
9th
100
These ducts form most of the female genital tract.
paramesonephric
101
In the newborn female, the uterus is prominent with a:
thickened hyperechoic endometrial lining
102
The blood supply to the uterus is provided by the:
uterine arteries
103
Congenital anomalies of the uterus have a high association of:
a
104
```
Types of mullerian abnormalities include all except which of the following?
A) improper fusion
B) incomplete development of one side
C) incomplete vaginal canaliztion
D) improper location of the vagina
```
D) improper locationof the vagina
105
```
The upper third of the vagina and uterus is derived from the embryonic:
A) paramesonephric ducts
B) mullerian ducts
C) mueller ducts
D) both a and b
```
D) both a and b
106
The most common cause of the female pseudohermaphroditism is:
congenital virilizing adrenal hyperaplsia
107
The cranial parts of the paramesonephric ducts form the:
uterine tubes
108
A congenital anomaly of the uterus in which two closely spaced uterine cavities are seen with only one fundus is a:
septate uterus
109
A differential diagnosis of an ovarian teratoma may include ______ when pain is located on the right side:
a
110
This uterine condition has the highest incidence of fertility problems:
septate uterus
111
The bilobed uterine cavity with wide spaced cavities and low incidence of fertility complication is:
bicornuate uterus
112
Ovarian size in neonate to postpuberty female is most accurate using:
a
113
Congenital uterine anomalies occur in approximately _____% of females.
.5-1.0
114
Errors in sexual development result in:
ambiguous genitalia
115
There is a high incidence of larger ovarian cysts in infants of mothers with all except:
DES exposure
116
A small endocrine structure that develops within a ruptured ovarian follicle and secretes progesterone and estorgen is?
corpus luteum cyst
117
A _______ cyst occurs when a dominant follicle does not succeed in ovulating and remains active although immature
follicular cyst
118
The most common adnexal mass found during early pregnancy is a
corpus luteal cyst
119
```
Which of the following is a localized tumor of endometriosis most frequently found in the ovary, cul-de-sac, retrovaginal septum and peritoneal surface of the posterior wall of the uterus?
A. dermoid
B. myoma
C. paraovarian cyst
D. endometrioma
```
endometrioma
120
The normal ovary has a__________ echo texture
homogeneous with central echogenic medulla
121
Simple ovarian cysts in postmenopausal women are not likely malignant when measuring less than _____ cm
5
122
```
Sonographic criteria for a simple ovarian cyst include all except which of the following?
A. anechoic
B. smooth walls
C. posterior shadowing
D. acoustic enhancement
```
posterior shadowing
123
```
which statement about PCOS is false?
A. It includes amenorrhea
B. it includes early pregnancy loss
C. it occurs in the mid to late thirties
D. it includes hirsutism
```
It occurs in the mid to late thirties
124
Paraovarian cysts arise from the :
Broad ligament
125
A specific diagnosis of paraovarian cyst is made possible only by:
demonstrating an ipsilateral ovary separate from the cyst
126
Ovarian carcinoma is classified into four stages. Stage II is limited to?
limited to pelvis
127
A common condition in which functioning endometrial tissue is present outside of the uterus is:
endometriosis
128
Partial or complete rotation of the ovarian pedicle on its axis defines:
ovarian torsion
129
Which of the following statements about ovarian torsion is F?
A. usually presents as a solid adnexal mass
B. torsion frequently involves the ovary and fallopioan tube
C. the ovary appears enlarged
D. the left ovary is three times more likely to torse than the right
D
130
A tumor that may mimic gas or feces int he pelvis is a:
dermoid
131
The dermoid tumor is typically assoicated with what ultrasound sign?
tip of the icerberg
132
```
What statement about Meigs' syndrome is false
A. associated with fibroma
B. includes massive ascities
C . associated with theca lutein cysts
D. includes pleural effusions
```
associated with theca lutein cysts
133
This rare, benign estrogen producing ovarian neoplasm is most often seen in postmenopausal women?
thecoma
134
Which of the following is an endocrine disorder associated with chronic anovulation?
PCOS
135
Which pelvic organ is more involved with metastatic disease?
ovary
136
A metastatic mass to the ovaries from the gastrointestional tract is know as:
dysgerminoma
137
A corpus luteal cyst will usually regress by ____ weeks gestations
16
138
As time goes on the appearance of a hemorrhagic cyst becomes more________
complex
139
Endometriosis presents in two forms
diffust & localized
140
another name for an endometrioma is
chocolate cyst
141
Sonographic findings with ovarian torsion include an adnexal mass and commonly____
free fluid
142
The two most common types of epithelial tumors of the ovary are?
mucous and serous
143
The demoid cyst is composed of what three germ layers?
endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm
144
A rate malignant germ cell turmor in a woman less than 30 years of age that appears sonographically as an entirely solid mass is usually a
dysgermioma
145
A benign ovarian neoplasm that is filled with a sticky, gelatin like material is know as a
mucous cystadenoma
146
A malignant ovarian neoplasm with thick irregular walls and septations accompanied by ascites with bright punctate echoes is know as a
mucous cystadenocarcinoma
147
A malignant ovarian neoplasm that appears sonogrpahically as a cystic structure with thin septations and or papillary projections and is more often bilateral is know as
serous cystadenocarcinoma
148
granulosa cell tumors, thecomas, fibroma and Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors fall under the category of
stromal tumors
149
a deminizing neplasm composed of cells resembling the graafian follicle is know as
granulosa
150
an ovarian tumor with an abudance of fibrous tissue that is rarely associated with estrogen production is know as a
fibroma
151
________ descrives the intraperitoneal extension of mucin secreting cells that result from the rupture of a mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
pseudomyxoma peritonei
152
A _______ , also know as a transitional cell tumor, is a rare benign tumor falling under the category of surface epithelial tumors. Sonographic appearance often is a small, hypoechoic tumor that may contain calcifications.
Brenners tumor
153
When evaluating the infertile patient, in addition to assessing structural anatomy of the uterus, the sonographer should evaluate the:
endometrium
154
The uterine anomaly most frequently associated with a high incidence of infertility is:
septate uterus
155
The triple line sign is associated with which structure?
endometrium
156
The fallopian tubes are evaluated by sonography/saline to determine:
patency
157
A dominant follicle grows at a rate of:
2.0 to 3.0 mm/day
158
```
Patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome may present with the clinical triad of all except which of the following
A. oligomenorrhea
B. hirsutism
C. bulimia
D. obesity
```
bulimia
159
```
Complications associated with assisted reproductive technologies include all except which of the following?
A. hyperstimulation
B. Multiple gestations
C. cervical stenosis
D. ectopic pregnancy
```
cervical stenosis
160
After ovulation, progesterone is secreted by:
corpus luteum
161
Cervical mucus is evaluated by the postcoital test within:
24 hours
162
The t-shped uterus is a congenital anomaly caused by:
exposure to DES in utero
163
In the luteal phase, the endometrial lining may be thinner than expected from not enough:
progesterone
164
_______tend to have a narrow base attachement to the endometrium with a vascular pedicle feeing it.
endometrial polyp
165
a hyperechoic linear strand of tissue extending from one wall of the uterine cavity to the other
synechia
166
A normal endometrial response associated with overstimulation is an increasing thickness form 2 to 3mm to ______
12 to 14mm
167
A human fertilization technique in which fertilized ova are injected through a laparoscope into the fimbriated ends of the fallopian tubes id know as:
ZIFT
168
Fertilization takes place within the womans body in
GIFT
169
demonstrates enlarged ovaries wiht multiple cysts, abdominal ascites, and pleural effusion?
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
170
Ovarian induction therapy requires documetaion of all follicles greater than ______ in both longitudinal and transverse planes
10mm
171
Follicle size and ________determines the approximate time of ovulation
estradiol levels
172
in vitro fertilization, the optimal placement of the embryos is considered to within 1.0 to 1.5 cm of the apex of the ______
uterine fundus
173
Multiple gestations occur in approximately _________ of in vitro fertiliztion
25%
174
The success rate of GIFT adn ZIFT is approximately _____ per cycle.
25%
175
Before embryo transfer into the uterus, the oocytes are fertilized and incubated for ________
48 to 74 hours
176
A infection that involves the fallopian tube and the the ovary is called
TOA
177
```
Risk factors in pelvic inflammatory diease include all except which of the following?
A. early sexual contact
B. single sexual partner
C. sexually transmitted diseases
D. IUD
```
B. single sexual partner
178
Which of the following statements about PID is false?
A. PID is almost always a bilateral collection of pus and fluid
B. patients may present with pelvic pain and a history of infertility
C. PID includes vaginal discharge with bleeding
D. A history of PID indicates a decreased risk of etopic pregnancy
D. a history of PID indicates a decreased risk of etopic pregnancy
179
Which of the following statements about the fallopian tube is false?
A. The normal lumen is usually not visualized
B. detection is easier if fluid or pus is withing the tube
C. The tube is best seen transabdominally
D. ascites is helpful to outline the tube
The tube is best seen transabdominally
180
What is an infection within the fallopian tube called?
salpingitis
181
```
PID is an inclusive term that refers to all pelvic infections except?
A. oophoritis
B. endometriosis
C.parametritis
D. myometritis
```
B. endometriosis
182
The most common etiology of PID
sexually transmitted diseases
183
Fusion of the inflamed dilated tube and ovary is called
tuboovarian complex
184
Infection within the uterine serosa and broad ligmanets is
parametritis
185
Clinical symptoms of PID may include
d
