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R&Cs Flashcards

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1
Q

ALKENES TO ALKANES ( 4 types of EA)

A

HX (g)
Conc.H2SO4, 0 degrees, boil water H20
X2 (l) / X2 in CCl4, dark
X2 (aq)

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2
Q

ALKENES TO ALKANES (REDUCTION)

A

H2 (g) Ni catalyst, heat

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3
Q

OXIDATION OF ALKENES (strong)

A

0 R group -> Co2 + H20
1 R group -> COOH
2 R group -> ketone

KMnO4 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat

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4
Q

FRS

A

Limited Cl2 (g), UV

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5
Q

OXIDATION OF ALKENES (MILD)

A

KMnO4 (AQ) H2SO4 (AQ) cold

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6
Q

ALKANES TO ALKENES (2)

A

Elimination of HX - ethanolic KOH/NaOH, heat
Elimination of H2O - excess conc. H2SO4, 170degrees

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7
Q

ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITION ON ARENE (4)

A

X2 (l), anyhydrous FeX3/AlX3
Conc. HNO3, Conc. H2SO4, 55degrees
R-X + AlX3
CORX, anhydrous AlX3

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8
Q

ELECTROPHILIC SUB ON METHYL BENZENE (2) (MONO SUB)

A

Conc. HNO3, Conc. H2SO4, 30 degrees
X2(l), anyhydrous AlX3, dark

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9
Q

FRS on methyl benzene

A

Limited Cl2 (g), UV

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10
Q

Oxidation of methyl benzene (r&c)

A

KMnO4 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat

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11
Q

Formation of halogenoalkanes (NUCLEOPHILIC SUB) (4)

A

PCl3/PBr3 (g), heat OR PCl5 (g), rtp OR SOCl2 (l), rtp OR HX generated in Situ

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12
Q

FORMATION OF HALOGENOALKANES (FRS)

A

limited X2(g), UV

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13
Q

FORMATION OF HALOGENOALKANES (EA)

A

HBr (g)

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14
Q

R-X to R-OH

A

Nucleophilic substitution - NaOH (AQ), heat

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15
Q

R-X to R-CN

A

Nucleophilic substitution - ethanolic KCN, heat

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16
Q

R-CN to R-COOH + NH4+

A

Acidic hydrolysis - H2SO4 (AQ), heat under reflux

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17
Q

R-CN to R-COO- + NH3

A

Basic hydrolysis - NaOH (AQ), heat under reflux

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18
Q

R-CN to R-CH2NH2

A

Reduction - LiAlH4 in dry ether OR H2, Ni, heat

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19
Q

R-X to R-NH2

A

Excess Conc. NH3, ethanal, heat in sealed tube

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20
Q

Aldehyde to primary alcohol

A

Reduction - H2(g), Ni, heat OR NaBH4, rtp OR LiAlH4 in dry ether

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21
Q

Ketone to secondary alcohol

A

Reduction - H2(g), Ni, heat OR NaBH4, rtp OR LiAlH4 in dry ether

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22
Q

COOH to primary alcohol

A

Reduction - LiALH4 in dry ether

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23
Q

Primary alcohol to aldehyde

Study These Flashcards
A

K2Cr2O7 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat with immediate distillation

24
Q

Primary alcohol (bypass aldehyde) to COOH

Study These Flashcards
A

KMnO4 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat with reflux

25
Secondary alcohol to ketone
KMnO4 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat w reflux
26
Alkenes to R-OH
Electrophilic addition - Conc. H2SO4 , 0 degrees, boil with water
27
CH3COOH to CH3CH2OH
Reduction - LiAlH4 in dry ether
28
R-COOCH2CH3 to CH2CH3OH
hydrolysis - H2SO4 (AQ), heat OR NaOH (AQ), heat
29
R-OH to R-O-Na+
Redox - Na (s)
30
R-OH to R-OCO-R + H2O/HCl (2)
CONDENSATION - RCOOH, Conc. H2SO4 , heat - RCOCl, Conc. H2SO4 , heat
31
Tri-iodo form methane test - functional grp, r&c, obsv
Methyl alcohol/carbonyl I2 (AQ), NaOH (AQ), warm YELLOW PPT
32
Tri sub on phenol (bromination)
Br2 (AQ)
33
Mono sub on phenol (bromination)
Br2 in CCl4, rtp
34
Tri sub on phenol (nitration)
Conc. HNO3, rtp
35
Mono sub on phenol (nitration)
HNO3 (AQ), rtp
36
Benzene ring -OH (phenol) to benzene ring -COOR
Condensation - RCOCl OR RCOBr
37
Benzene ring - OH (phenol) to benzene ring - O- Na+ (2)
Neutralisation - NaOH (AQ) Redox - Na (s)
38
Benzene ring - O-Na+ to Benzene ring - OCOR
Condensation - RCOCl OR RCOBr
39
2,4-DNPH
CONDENSATION - Test for carbonyls, orange ppt
40
Aldehyde to COOH
OXIDATION - KMnO4 (AQ), H2SO4 (AQ), heat
41
Tollen’s reagent
OXIDATION - test for aldehyde, silver mirror formed
42
Fehling’s solution + warm
OXIDATION - test for aliphatic akdehydes (not directly bonded to benzene ring), brick red ppt
43
R-COOH to R-COO (ESTER)
Condensation - R-OH, Conc H2SO4, heat
44
R-COOH to R-COCl
Nucleophilic substitution - PCl5 (g), rtp
45
R-COCl to R-COO
condensation - R-OH, Conc. H2SO4, heat
46
R-COO-R’ to RCH2OH + R’-OH
Reduction - LiAlH4 in dry ether
47
CH3-CN TO CH3CH2NH2
Reduction - LiALH4 in dry ether OR H2,Ni, heat
48
Benzene ring - NO2 to benzene ring - NH2 (phenylamine)
Reduction - 1. Sn, conc HCl, heat 2. NaOH (AQ)
49
CH3-CONH2 to CH3-COOH + NH3+
Acidic hydrolysis - H2SO4 (AQ), heat
50
COOH TO COO- Na+
NaOH (AQ)
51
COO-Na+ to COOH
H2SO4 (AQ)
52
CH3CH2-NH2 TO CH3CH2-NHCO-CH3 (amide)
Condensation - CH3COCl
53
CH3CH2-NH2 TO CH3CH2-NH3+Cl-
Acid base - HCl (AQ)
54
CH3CH2-NH2 TO CH3CH2-NH3+ CH3CO2-
acid base - CH3CO2H
55
CH3CH2-NH2 TO CH3CH2-NH-CH3 (step up)
Nucleophilic substitution- CH3Br, heat
56
Amide to amine
Reduction, LiAlH4 in dry ether
57
Carbonyl to R-C-OH-CN-R
HCN, Trace NaCN/NaOH (aq), cold

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