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Microbiology 1 > R1 - Microbial growth Lectures Ch. 6 & 5 , Bacterial Diseases of the Respiratory system, Biofilms (ch.4 & 6) > Flashcards

R1 - Microbial growth Lectures Ch. 6 & 5 , Bacterial Diseases of the Respiratory system, Biofilms (ch.4 & 6) Flashcards

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1
Q

Generation Time

A

The time it takes for one cell to 2 into two cell wall.

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2
Q

Equation for calculating number of bacteria

A

N = No2^n

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3
Q

Terms for the growth curve/logarithmic growth in order.

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. log/exponential phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Death phase
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4
Q

Lag Phase

A

Cells do not immediately reproduce in new medium. So the number of cell changes very little. Microbial population undergoes a period of intense metabolic activity involving synthesis of enzymes and various molecules to start growth.

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5
Q

Log / exponential phase

A

Cells begin to divide and enter period of growth/logarithmic increase. Cell reproduction is most active by being metabolically active because bacteria cells need to be produced. Binary fission.

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6
Q

Binary fission

A

prokaryotic cell preproduction by division into two daughter cells.

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7
Q

Stationary phase

A

Growth rate slow’s, the # of microbial deaths balance number of new cells and population stabilizes. Stabilizes because exhaustion of nutrients and accumulation of waste products and harmful changes in pH play a role.

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8
Q

Death Phase

A

Number of deaths exceed number of new cells formed.

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9
Q

Direct Methods definition

A

get an exact cell number

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10
Q

List Direct Methods

A
  1. Direct microscopic count,

2. standard plate count

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11
Q

Indirect Methods definition

A

get a relative number of cels (not exact count)

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12
Q

List of indirect methods

A
  1. turbidity

2. dry weight or mass

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13
Q

Direct microscopic count

A

Direct Measurement.
A measurement volume of a bacterial suspension is placed within a defined area on a microscope. Counting cell under marked square centimeter of slide.

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14
Q

Turbidity

A

Indirect Method
Fast.
Use spectrophometer, instrument used to measure turbidity (the cloudiness of a suspension)
measures light absorbance of test tube with bacteria
measurements are in O.D. (optical density)
Measurements count live cells and dead cells.

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15
Q

Dry Weight Mass

A

Indirect method
Fast.
Takes bacteria from growth medium, filters to remove extraneous material, and dried in a desiccator. It is then weighed.
Also measures dead and living cells.

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16
Q

Standard Plate count

A

Direct Method
1.A series of dilutions of growing bacteria.
Dilutions of 1ml from previous tube is added to 9ml of broth.
2.Grow bacteria on media in petri plates
3.count colonies and calculate cfu/ml
method counts only viable cells

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17
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Standard Plate count

A

Advantages:
Counts only viable cells
can be correlated with turbidity measurement

Disadvantages:
slow
overnight process

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18
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Direct microscopic count

A

Advantage:
Quick

Disadvantage:
counts dead cells as well as viable cells
Viable - alive , able to reproduce

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19
Q

What is Binomial Nomenclature?

A

the system of having two names (genus and specific ) for each organism
e.g. Staphylococcus Aureus (should be italicized or underlined)

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20
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains Digestive Enzymes that break down various molecules and (some) bacteria

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21
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Turbidity

A

Advantages:
Fast
Can correlate to standard plate count but is faster than that.

Disadvantages:
measures viable and dead cells (still absorb light)

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22
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Dry Weight or mass

A

Advantages:
Fast
good for organisms that are clumped together

Disadvantages:
measure living and dead cells

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23
Q

Organisms that obtain carbon source are called?

A

Autotroph

Heterotroph

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24
Q

Autotroph

A

Uses inorganic source of carbon such as CO2 e.g.plants

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25
Chemotroph
gets energy from chemicals - chemolithotroph - chemoorganotroph
26
Organisms that obtain Energy source are called?
Phototroph | Chemotroph
27
Phototroph
Light as primary energy source | e.g, plants
28
Heterotroph
uses an organic source of carbon such as glucose (C6H12O6) | e.g. animals
29
Chemolithotroph
Chemotroph - gets electrons and energy from inorganic compounds e. g. some prokaryotes
30
Chemoorganotroph
Chemotroph | gets electrons and energy from organic compounds. e.g. animals
31
Aerobe
Microbes that use molecular oxygen
32
Anaerobic
don't use oxygen
33
Scientific name of Diptheria?
Corynebacterium Diptheriae
34
Mode of transmission of diptheria?
``` Respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing) skin contact (infects humans only) often affects throat (pharynx) and larynx (voicebox) ```
35
``` Diptheria Cell arrangement? shape? scientific name? gram-stain? ```
scientific name: Corynebacterium Diptheriae shape: Rod (not consistent) Gram-stain: Gram Positive Cell arrangement: some side by side
36
Toxin of Diptheria?
Exotoxin | a toxic protein, secretes by bacteria
37
Exotoxin
a toxic protein, secretes by bacteria. | Toxin produces stains cause disease; related bacteria are present on skin and are not pathogenic.
38
How Diptheria causes disease?
Diphtheria is caused by a pathogenic (disease causing) bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae (C. diphtheriae). This bacterium multiplies rapidly spreading through the upper respiratory tract where it causes inflammation. In more serious cases C. diphtheriae produces a toxin which can enter the blood stream to involve the heart, brain and nerves. Causes suffocation and death, especially in children. Heart and peripheral nerve damage.
39
Signs and symptoms of Diptheria?
``` sore throat low fever couch pseudomembrane with fibrin, dead tissue, bacterial cells ```
40
Parts of the body affected by Diptheria?
Lungs (respiratory), pharynx, larynx, skin
41
Treatment of Diptheria?
Antibiotic and atitoxin | antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin
42
Antitoxin
an antibody that binds to exotoxin made outside of of body.
43
``` Pertussis scientific name? shape? gram stain? cell arrangement? ```
``` (whooping cough) name:Bordetella pertussis shape: coccobacillus Gram: Gram negative (obligate aerobe) Cell Arrangement: short rods ```
44
Obligate aerobe
or strict aerobe | organisms that requires oxygen to live.
45
Pertussis scientific name?
Bordetella pertussis
46
Pertussis toxins?
Damage ciliated cells cause inflammation impairs immune system. Also an exotoxin
47
People most at risk of dying of the disease, Pertussis?
Babies and people with health conditions are the most at risk. Adults and teenagers are affected as well.
48
Current Vaccine for Pertussis?
the DTaP , contains a subunit of pertussis. | Booster for teens and adults (Tdap)
49
Stages of Pertussis
First Stage (lasts 1-2 weeks) : regular cold symptons Second Stage: Severe coughing. "Whoop cough", difficult to cough up phlegm so use chest muscles. Worst stage that may cause ribs to break in adults, brain damage in babies, and pneumonia. Third stage: coughing eventually becomes less frequent and less severe.
50
Symptoms of Pertussis
Starts off as normal cold symptoms but lasts longer than a cold.
51
Pertussis mode of transmission?
respiratory droplets (coughing and sneezing)
52
How pertussis causes disease?
contagiouse disease through coughing and sneezing caused by bacteria Bordetella pertussis. It releases a toxin that damages ciliated cells in the respiratory system and causes inflammation.
53
Parts of body affected by Pertussis?
Toxin damages ciliated cells in respiratory system.
54
List microbes that grow in temperature conditions?
``` Mesophil Hyperthermophile Psychophile Thermophile Psychotroph ```
55
Microbes that grow under Ph conditions?
Acidophile | Alkaliphile
56
Microbes that grow in salty environments called?
halophile
57
Microbes they require oxygen gas
Aerobe | microaerophilic
58
Pertussis prevention methods
``` Vaccination" DTaP Vaccinations to babies by 2 months of age Booster for teens and adults (Tdap) Herd Immunity ```
59
List anaerobes
obligate anaerobe/ strict anaerobe | aerotolerant
60
Mesophile
``` moderate temperature loving microbe optimal growth: 25- 40 degrees Celsius Like human body temperature. On plants and animals May cause disease ; live in terrestrial and aquatic areas ``` e.g. many bacteria that cause disease are mesophils
61
Psychrophile
cold loving microbe Optimum growth: 15 degrees celcius (grow best); like 0 - 20 degrees celcius In oceans and polar regions, unlikely to spoil foods e.g. snow algae
62
Psychotroph
Grow well in refrigerator temperatures optimal growth: 20-30 degrees celcius do not grow well at lower temperatures - takes time to spoil foods causes food spoilage e.g. molds
63
Herd Immunity
reduced change of infection of vulneravle individuals if a certain high percentage of individuals in the population are vaccinated or immune.
64
Thermophile
heat-loving microbe optimum growth: 50-60 degrees celcius (can with stand 40 and above) In runoff from hot springs and in compost piles e.g. Thermus aquaticus
65
Hyperthermophile
Microbe numbers of the domain archea Optimal growth: 80 degrees celcius or higher inside hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents e.g. Sulfolobus, an arches, live in yellowstone.
66
Treatments for Pertussis?
Best to have catched/noticed it earlier. First stage treatment - antibiotics second stage - antibiotics don't help signs and symptoms in 2nd stage.
67
Acidophile
tolerant of acidity is in foods such as yogurt and cheese e. g. molds pH 5 , archeans at very low pH in yellowstone e. g. Lactobacilus bacteria in yogurt
68
Alkaliphile
like basic environment
69
Microaerophilic
uses small amounts of oxygen requiring oxygen for growth but at lower concentration than is present in the atmosphere
70
Aerotolerant
cannot use oxygen for growth but they tolerate them fairly well.
71
Bacterial methods of reproduction
Bacteria normally reproduce by binary fission or budding. Budding - form a small initial outgrowth (a bud) that enlarges until is size approaches that of the parent cell and then it separates. binary fission - prokaryote cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells.
72
Describe at least 3 Advantages to a bacterium of living in bioflm.
1. Prevents dehydration 2. Shares nutrients 3. protection from host immune system; antibodies and phagocytosis
73
What are examples of biofilms? Where are they found?
They are found on solid surfaces with moisture. Slimy stuff on rocks in pond water or rivers. Plaque on teeth of animals mouths. Can form on medical devices such as artificial hips. In lungs of cystic fibrosis patiends.
74
Why are biofilms potentially dangerous to human health?
* 70% of human bacterial infections involve biofilms. * Can form on cavities on teeth. medical devices from surgery can later on cause infections.
75
Who is particularly susceptible to biofilm infections?
Those who do not maintain dental hygiene. Patients with medical devices an low immune systems.
76
What is an EPS?
Extracellular Polymeric substance - a glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment. EPS is the new word for slime layer.
77
No stand for in equation for calculating bacteria
is the number of cells at the beginning
78
N stands for in equation for calculating number of bacteria
the total number of bacteria at the end
79
n
number of generations

Microbiology 1 (3 decks)

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