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Microbiology 1 > R1 - Microbial growth Lectures Ch. 6 & 5 , Bacterial Diseases of the Respiratory system, Biofilms (ch.4 & 6) > Flashcards

R1 - Microbial growth Lectures Ch. 6 & 5 , Bacterial Diseases of the Respiratory system, Biofilms (ch.4 & 6) Flashcards

1
Q

Generation Time

A

The time it takes for one cell to 2 into two cell wall.

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2
Q

Equation for calculating number of bacteria

A

N = No2^n

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3
Q

Terms for the growth curve/logarithmic growth in order.

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. log/exponential phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Death phase
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4
Q

Lag Phase

A

Cells do not immediately reproduce in new medium. So the number of cell changes very little. Microbial population undergoes a period of intense metabolic activity involving synthesis of enzymes and various molecules to start growth.

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5
Q

Log / exponential phase

A

Cells begin to divide and enter period of growth/logarithmic increase. Cell reproduction is most active by being metabolically active because bacteria cells need to be produced. Binary fission.

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6
Q

Binary fission

A

prokaryotic cell preproduction by division into two daughter cells.

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7
Q

Stationary phase

A

Growth rate slow’s, the # of microbial deaths balance number of new cells and population stabilizes. Stabilizes because exhaustion of nutrients and accumulation of waste products and harmful changes in pH play a role.

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8
Q

Death Phase

A

Number of deaths exceed number of new cells formed.

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9
Q

Direct Methods definition

A

get an exact cell number

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10
Q

List Direct Methods

A
  1. Direct microscopic count,

2. standard plate count

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11
Q

Indirect Methods definition

A

get a relative number of cels (not exact count)

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12
Q

List of indirect methods

A
  1. turbidity

2. dry weight or mass

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13
Q

Direct microscopic count

A

Direct Measurement.
A measurement volume of a bacterial suspension is placed within a defined area on a microscope. Counting cell under marked square centimeter of slide.

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14
Q

Turbidity

A

Indirect Method
Fast.
Use spectrophometer, instrument used to measure turbidity (the cloudiness of a suspension)
measures light absorbance of test tube with bacteria
measurements are in O.D. (optical density)
Measurements count live cells and dead cells.

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15
Q

Dry Weight Mass

A

Indirect method
Fast.
Takes bacteria from growth medium, filters to remove extraneous material, and dried in a desiccator. It is then weighed.
Also measures dead and living cells.

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16
Q

Standard Plate count

A

Direct Method
1.A series of dilutions of growing bacteria.
Dilutions of 1ml from previous tube is added to 9ml of broth.
2.Grow bacteria on media in petri plates
3.count colonies and calculate cfu/ml
method counts only viable cells

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17
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Standard Plate count

A

Advantages:
Counts only viable cells
can be correlated with turbidity measurement

Disadvantages:
slow
overnight process

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18
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Direct microscopic count

A

Advantage:
Quick

Disadvantage:
counts dead cells as well as viable cells
Viable - alive , able to reproduce

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19
Q

What is Binomial Nomenclature?

A

the system of having two names (genus and specific ) for each organism
e.g. Staphylococcus Aureus (should be italicized or underlined)

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20
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains Digestive Enzymes that break down various molecules and (some) bacteria

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21
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Turbidity

A

Advantages:
Fast
Can correlate to standard plate count but is faster than that.

Disadvantages:
measures viable and dead cells (still absorb light)

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22
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Dry Weight or mass

A

Advantages:
Fast
good for organisms that are clumped together

Disadvantages:
measure living and dead cells

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23
Q

Organisms that obtain carbon source are called?

A

Autotroph

Heterotroph

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24
Q

Autotroph

A

Uses inorganic source of carbon such as CO2 e.g.plants

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25
Q

Chemotroph

A

gets energy from chemicals

- chemolithotroph    - chemoorganotroph
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26
Q

Organisms that obtain Energy source are called?

A

Phototroph

Chemotroph

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27
Q

Phototroph

A

Light as primary energy source

e.g, plants

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28
Q

Heterotroph

A

uses an organic source of carbon such as glucose (C6H12O6)

e.g. animals

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29
Q

Chemolithotroph

A

Chemotroph

  • gets electrons and energy from inorganic compounds
    e. g. some prokaryotes
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30
Q

Chemoorganotroph

A

Chemotroph

gets electrons and energy from organic compounds. e.g. animals

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31
Q

Aerobe

A

Microbes that use molecular oxygen

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32
Q

Anaerobic

A

don’t use oxygen

33
Q

Scientific name of Diptheria?

A

Corynebacterium Diptheriae

34
Q

Mode of transmission of diptheria?

A 
Respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing)
skin contact (infects humans only) 
often affects throat (pharynx)
and larynx (voicebox)
35
Q 
Diptheria
Cell arrangement?
shape?
scientific name?
gram-stain?
A

scientific name: Corynebacterium Diptheriae
shape: Rod (not consistent)
Gram-stain: Gram Positive
Cell arrangement: some side by side

36
Q

Toxin of Diptheria?

A

Exotoxin

a toxic protein, secretes by bacteria

37
Q

Exotoxin

A

a toxic protein, secretes by bacteria.

Toxin produces stains cause disease; related bacteria are present on skin and are not pathogenic.

38
Q

How Diptheria causes disease?

A

Diphtheria is caused by a pathogenic (disease causing) bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae (C. diphtheriae). This bacterium multiplies rapidly spreading through the upper respiratory tract where it causes inflammation. In more serious cases C. diphtheriae produces a toxin which can enter the blood stream to involve the heart, brain and nerves.
Causes suffocation and death, especially in children.
Heart and peripheral nerve damage.

39
Q

Signs and symptoms of Diptheria?

A 
sore throat
low fever
couch
pseudomembrane with fibrin, 
dead tissue, bacterial cells
40
Q

Parts of the body affected by Diptheria?

A

Lungs (respiratory), pharynx, larynx, skin

41
Q

Treatment of Diptheria?

A

Antibiotic and atitoxin

antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin

42
Q

Antitoxin

A

an antibody that binds to exotoxin made outside of of body.

43
Q 
Pertussis
scientific name? 
shape?
gram stain?
cell arrangement?
A 
(whooping cough)
name:Bordetella pertussis
shape: coccobacillus 
Gram: Gram negative (obligate aerobe)
Cell Arrangement: short rods
44
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

or strict aerobe

organisms that requires oxygen to live.

45
Q

Pertussis scientific name?

A

Bordetella pertussis

46
Q

Pertussis toxins?

A

Damage ciliated cells
cause inflammation
impairs immune system.
Also an exotoxin

47
Q

People most at risk of dying of the disease, Pertussis?

A

Babies and people with health conditions are the most at risk. Adults and teenagers are affected as well.

48
Q

Current Vaccine for Pertussis?

A

the DTaP , contains a subunit of pertussis.

Booster for teens and adults (Tdap)

49
Q

Stages of Pertussis

A

First Stage (lasts 1-2 weeks) : regular cold symptons

Second Stage: Severe coughing. “Whoop cough”, difficult to cough up phlegm so use chest muscles. Worst stage that may cause ribs to break in adults, brain damage in babies, and pneumonia.

Third stage: coughing eventually becomes less frequent and less severe.

50
Q

Symptoms of Pertussis

A

Starts off as normal cold symptoms but lasts longer than a cold.

51
Q

Pertussis mode of transmission?

A

respiratory droplets (coughing and sneezing)

52
Q

How pertussis causes disease?

A

contagiouse disease through coughing and sneezing caused by bacteria Bordetella pertussis. It releases a toxin that damages ciliated cells in the respiratory system and causes inflammation.

53
Q

Parts of body affected by Pertussis?

A

Toxin damages ciliated cells in respiratory system.

54
Q

List microbes that grow in temperature conditions?

A 
Mesophil
Hyperthermophile
Psychophile
Thermophile
Psychotroph
55
Q

Microbes that grow under Ph conditions?

A

Acidophile

Alkaliphile

56
Q

Microbes that grow in salty environments called?

A

halophile

57
Q

Microbes they require oxygen gas

A

Aerobe

microaerophilic

58
Q

Pertussis prevention methods

A 
Vaccination"
DTaP
Vaccinations to babies by 2 months of age
Booster for teens and adults (Tdap)
Herd Immunity
59
Q

List anaerobes

A

obligate anaerobe/ strict anaerobe

aerotolerant

60
Q

Mesophile

A 
moderate temperature loving microbe
optimal growth: 25- 40 degrees Celsius
Like human body temperature.
On plants and animals 
May cause disease ; live in terrestrial and aquatic areas

e.g. many bacteria that cause disease are mesophils

61
Q

Psychrophile

A

cold loving microbe
Optimum growth: 15 degrees celcius (grow best); like 0 - 20 degrees celcius

In oceans and polar regions, unlikely to spoil foods

e.g. snow algae

62
Q

Psychotroph

A

Grow well in refrigerator temperatures
optimal growth: 20-30 degrees celcius

do not grow well at lower temperatures - takes time to spoil foods
causes food spoilage

e.g. molds

63
Q

Herd Immunity

A

reduced change of infection of vulneravle individuals if a certain high percentage of individuals in the population are vaccinated or immune.

64
Q

Thermophile

A

heat-loving microbe
optimum growth: 50-60 degrees celcius (can with stand 40 and above)

In runoff from hot springs and in compost piles

e.g. Thermus aquaticus

65
Q

Hyperthermophile

A

Microbe numbers of the domain archea
Optimal growth: 80 degrees celcius or higher

inside hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents

e.g. Sulfolobus, an arches, live in yellowstone.

66
Q

Treatments for Pertussis?

A

Best to have catched/noticed it earlier.

First stage treatment - antibiotics

second stage - antibiotics don’t help signs and symptoms in 2nd stage.

67
Q

Acidophile

A

tolerant of acidity

is in foods such as yogurt and cheese

e. g. molds pH 5 , archeans at very low pH in yellowstone
e. g. Lactobacilus bacteria in yogurt

68
Q

Alkaliphile

A

like basic environment

69
Q

Microaerophilic

A

uses small amounts of oxygen

requiring oxygen for growth but at lower concentration than is present in the atmosphere

70
Q

Aerotolerant

A

cannot use oxygen for growth but they tolerate them fairly well.

71
Q

Bacterial methods of reproduction

A

Bacteria normally reproduce by binary fission or budding.

Budding - form a small initial outgrowth (a bud) that enlarges until is size approaches that of the parent cell and then it separates.

binary fission - prokaryote cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells.

72
Q

Describe at least 3 Advantages to a bacterium of living in bioflm.

A
  1. Prevents dehydration
  2. Shares nutrients
  3. protection from host immune system; antibodies and phagocytosis
73
Q

What are examples of biofilms? Where are they found?

A

They are found on solid surfaces with moisture.
Slimy stuff on rocks in pond water or rivers. Plaque on teeth of animals mouths.
Can form on medical devices such as artificial hips.
In lungs of cystic fibrosis patiends.

74
Q

Why are biofilms potentially dangerous to human health?

A
  • 70% of human bacterial infections involve biofilms.
  • Can form on cavities on teeth.

medical devices from surgery can later on cause infections.

75
Q

Who is particularly susceptible to biofilm infections?

A

Those who do not maintain dental hygiene. Patients with medical devices an low immune systems.

76
Q

What is an EPS?

A

Extracellular Polymeric substance - a glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment.

EPS is the new word for slime layer.

77
Q

No stand for in equation for calculating bacteria

A

is the number of cells at the beginning

78
Q

N stands for in equation for calculating number of bacteria

A

the total number of bacteria at the end

79
Q

n

A

number of generations

Microbiology 1 (3 decks)

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