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Microbiology 1 > R1 - Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Classification (CH. 1, 4, 10) , Bacterial Structure (Ch. 4 ) , Gram stain (Lab and Ch.3) > Flashcards

R1 - Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Classification (CH. 1, 4, 10) , Bacterial Structure (Ch. 4 ) , Gram stain (Lab and Ch.3) Flashcards

1
Q

Identify, describe and draw the variouse shapes and cell arrangements of bacteria.

A
  1. rod/ bacillus
  2. coccus
  3. spiral
  4. star
  5. pleimorphic
  6. coccobacillus
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2
Q

Bacillus

A

Rod shaped

“little staphs”

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3
Q

coccobacillus

A

look oval and so much like bacillus

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4
Q

Pleimorphic

A

They can have many shapes, not just one.

e.g. Corynebacterium dipnhtheriae

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5
Q

Spiral

A

have one or more twists and are never straight

  • spirillium
  • spirochete
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6
Q

Spirillium

A

Is under spiral
have helical shape, look like a corkscrew, and fairly rigid bodies
Has flagella.

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7
Q

Spirochete

A

Spiral
Helical and flexible;
move by means of axial filaments (internal) that rotate.

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8
Q

Coccus

A

spherical like berries

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9
Q

Cell arrangements of Bacteria

A
  1. strepto
  2. tetrad
  3. staphylo
  4. palisade
  5. diplococcus
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10
Q

Strepto -

A

occur in chains of cells

e.g . stepto bacilli

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11
Q

Tetrade -

A

Groups of 4

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12
Q

staphylo-

A

grape like clusters

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13
Q

Palisades

A

Picket fence like

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14
Q

Diplococcus

A

cocci that remain in pairs after dividing

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15
Q

Cell wall

A

a complex , semirigid structure resonsible for the shape of the cell. The cell wall surrounds he underlying, fragile plasma(cytoplasmic) membrane and protects it and the intertior of the cell from adverse changes in the outside environment.

  • Almost all prokaryotes have cell walls
  • The function of the cell wall is to prevent bacteria from rupturing when the water pressure inside the cell is greater than the outside of the cell
  • Also helps maintain the shape of a bacterium and serves as a point of anchorage for flagella
  • as the volume of a bacter ia increases it’s plasma membrane and cell wall extend as needed.
  • Is the cite of action of some antibiotics
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16
Q

Cell Membrane

A
  • encloses the cytoplasm and is a lipod bilayer with peripheral and intergral proteins.
  • is selectively permeable
  • contains enzymes for metabolic reactions such as nutrient breakdown , emergency reproduction , and photosynthesis
  • mesosomes, irregular inforldings of the plasma membrane are artifacts , not true cell structures.
  • plasma membranes can be destroyed by alcohols and polymyxns
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17
Q

Flagellum

A
  • are long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria
  • Gram-negative : contains 2 pairs of rings: the outer pair of the rings is anchored to variouse portions of the cell wall, and the inner pair of rings is anchored to the plasma membrane
  • Gram-positive: only the inner pair is present in the plasma membrane.

-• Filament: outermost region that consists of proteins arranged in several chains that intertwine around a hollow core.
• Hook – which the filament is attached to. Outer part that rotates the flagellum clockwise.
• Basal Body – Anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane

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18
Q

Endospores

A

when necessary nutients are depleted, certain (not all) gram positive bacteria form specialized “resting “ cells. Inside bacteria endospores forms inside of vegetative bacterial cell (active metabolism) and then bursts out. Used for survival in poor conditions (lack of water, nutrients, etc)/

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane.

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20
Q

Ribosomes

A

function as sites for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

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21
Q

Inclusion body/cytoplasmic body

A

o (inclusions) for chemical storage in some bacteria; reserve deposits. Cell may accumulate certain nutrients when they are plentiful and use them when the environment is deficient.

  • nutrient storage
  • metachromatic granules
  • magnetosomes
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22
Q

Plasmid

A

circular, double stranded DNA molecules. Replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA. Plasmids can be transferred from one bacterium to another.

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23
Q

Nucleoid

A

contains single long continuous and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA.

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24
Q

Fimbriae

A

Straight hairlike, attachment only
occur at the poles of the bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell. Straight, hair like, attachment only to surfaces. Involves in forming biofilms.
e.g. neisseria honorrhea

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25
Q

Pili

A

Straight , hairlike, gene transfer, ; can send DNA through for Bacteria to trade genes. Longer than fimbriar and number only one or two per cell.
o Functions: Involved in motility and DNA transfer.

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26
Q

capsule

A

if glycocalyx is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall the glycocalyx is described as a capsule.

  • thick
  • tightly bound
  • protects bacteria from phagocytosis
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27
Q

How is a capsule helpful to a bacterial cell?

A

Thick , tightly bound to cell, protects bacteria against phagocytosis
-Firmly attached to cell wall.

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28
Q

How is a slime layer helpful to a bacterial cell?

A

Flexible
helps bacteria attach to surfaces
protects cell against dehydration

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29
Q

2 main types of glycocalyx, including differences and similarieties

A
  1. slime layer
  2. capsule
Differences:
Slime: loosely attached to cell wall
Capsule : firmly attached to cell wall
Slime: helps attach to surfaces
capsule: no

Similarieties:

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30
Q

What are parts of an endospore?

A

components:
- cytoplasm
- plasma membrane
- peptidoglycan
- ribosomes
- dipicolinic acid
- spore coat (proteint)

Endospores are highly durable dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional layers.

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31
Q

where are endospores located in the cell?

A

they are formed internal to the bacterial cell membrane. True endospores are found in gam positive bacteria.
they can be located
- terminally
-central
-sub terminally - not at the tip but close enough to the en of the cell

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32
Q

Why are endospores hard to kill?

A

They can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to many toxic chemicals and radiation. Can withstand very little water and are resistant to disinfectants.

they need more time to be killed.
an autoclave may do that.

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33
Q

What are examples of species with endospores?

A

Clostridium tetani is an example of a spore forming organism. It is found in the soil and causes tetanus.

34
Q

Describe process of generating an endospore ?

A

This is called sporulation

  1. spore septum begins to isolate newly replicated DNA and a small portion of cytoplasm.
  2. plasma membrane starts to surround DNA, cytoplasm and membrane isolated in step 1. Endospore forms when the plasma membrane , peptidoglycan layer , and spore coat surrounds the DNA.
  3. spore septum surrounds isolated portion forming forespore
  4. peptidoglycan layer forms between membrane.
  5. spore coat forms
  6. endospore is freed from cell and vegetative cell disintegrates.
35
Q

Why cells produce endospores?

A

Used for survival in poor conditions, like lack of water and nutrients.
Vegetive cells of endospores forming bacteria begin sporulatin

36
Q

sporulation

A

process of forming endospores

37
Q

Describe the various arrangements of flagella?

A
  1. monotrichous
  2. amphitrichou
  3. peritichous
38
Q

monotrichous

A

a single flagellum at one pole

39
Q

amphitrichous

A

flagella at each end

40
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella over entire cell

41
Q

Chemotaxis

A

movement in response to chemical reaction.

42
Q

Describe parts of the flagellum?

A
  1. filament - outermost region, proteings arranged around hollow core
  2. basal body - anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane
  3. hook - outer part, actualy rotates clockwise. Filament is attached to and made of different proteins.
43
Q

what is the filament made of?

A

is constant in diameter and contains globular roughly spherical protein, flagellin arranged in several chains that intertwine and form a helix around a hollow core.

44
Q

How does the flagellum produce runs and tumbles?

A
  • Longer runs and fewer tumbles are used during chemotaxis.

When bacterium moves in one direction for a length of time the movement is called “run” or “swim”

  • “runs” are interupted by periodic abupt, random changes in direction called “tumbles, then a “run” resumes.
  • “tumbles” are caused by a reversal of flagella rotation.
45
Q

Describe Gram negative cell wall

A
  • Thin peptidoglycan - very few layers of peptidoglycan
  • outer membrane - negative charge is an important factor in evading phagocytosis and the actions of complement. Provides barrier to antibiotics.
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - of the outer membrane is a large complex molecule that contains lipids and carbohydrates.
  • Porin - part of the permeability of the outer membrane that are proteins. Porins permit the passage of molecules.
  • Periplasm & periplasmic space - gel like fluid between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane. Contains high concentration of degradative enzymes and transport proteins. Has chemoreceptors.
46
Q

What are the differences between Gram positive and gram negative?

A

Gram pos:

  • thick peptidoglycan layer
  • techoic acids present
  • periplasmic space absent
  • outer membrane is absent
  • virtually no lipopolysacharride content
  • flagellar structure is 2 rind in basal body
  • high susceptibility to penicillin
  • inhibition of basic dyes is high

Gram NEg:

  • think single layer of peptidoglycan
  • techoic acids absent.
  • has periplasmic space
  • has outer membrane
  • present lipopolysacharride content
  • flagellar ring is 4 rings in basal body
  • low susceptibility to penicillin (antibiotic)
  • Inhibition of basic dyes is low
47
Q

WHat is the procedure of a gram stain?

A
  1. application of crystal violet
  2. application of iodine (mordant)
  3. alcohole wash (de colorizer)
  4. application of safranin (counterstain) for gram negative cells.
48
Q

How does the gram stain allow you to differentiate between cells?

A

The gram stain is based on diffrences in the structure of the cell walls of gram pos and gram neg. bacteria and how each reacts with various reagents.

  • crystal violet - stains both pos and neg.
  • iodine - crystalizes with dye in cytoplasm.
  • alcohol- dehydrates the peptidoglycan of the gram positive cell. Alcohol dissolves the outer membrane of the gram neg. celll. Leaving holes for which the crystal violet diffused out of.
  • safranin- is added and turns gram neg. cells pink or red
49
Q

Describe Gram positive cell wall

A
  • cell walls consist of many layers of peptidoglycan, forming thick layer.
  • -contain techoic acids, which consist primarily of an alcohole and phosphate (is linked to plasma membrane. Prevent extensive wall breakdown and possible cell lysis.
  • when it stains it retains the color.
50
Q

NAM & NAG

A

Make up the disacharide portion of the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls.
-name NAG- N-acetylmuramic acid
Namd NAM- N acetylglucosamine acid

51
Q

What cell structures are only found in eukaryotes? Functions? (in other cards)

A
  1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
  2. golgi body
  3. chloroplasts
  4. mitochondria
  5. lysosome
52
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

A
  • makes membrane proteins or secreted proteins.

- ribosomes attached and create protein –> transport to golgi

53
Q

Gogli Body

A

processes proteins from RER

54
Q

CHloroplats

A

site of photosynthesis e.g. algae

55
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of cellular respiration ATP synthesis

56
Q

Lysosome

A

contains digestive enzymes - chews and destroys hat phagocytes eat.

57
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

Every organism is assigned two names or a binomial. These names are the genus name and specific epithet and both names are printed or underlines or italixized. the genus name is always capitalized and is alway a noun. The species name is lowercase and is usually an adjective.

58
Q

Identify the 3 domain classification system.

organisms in each domain (separate cards)

A

Bacteria - prokaryote, 1 cell

Archea - prokaryote, 1 cell

Eukarya - eukaryotes, multicellular animals

59
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

Prokaryote - 1 cell

60
Q

Domain Archea

A

Prokaryote, 1 cell

61
Q

What kingdoms are in the Domain Eukarya?

A

Animals, plants, and fungi are kingdoms in Eukarya.

  • animalia : helminths
  • protists: protozoa and algea
  • fungi : eukaryote , 1 cell or multicellular
  • Plants - eukaryote
62
Q

What are the names of the membrane bound organelles in eukaryotes?

A
  • Nucleus
  • chloroplats
  • golgi body
  • lysosomes
  • mitochondria
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
63
Q

Functions of Lysosomes

A

contain powerful digestive enzymes capable of breaking down various molecules. The enzymes can digest bacteria that enter the cell.

64
Q

Functions of Mitochondria

A

ATP production. /synthetis

Site of cellular respiration

65
Q

functions of rough endoplacmic reticulum

A

Protein synthesis and processing.

66
Q

functions of golgi body

A

processing area for proteins comming from Rough ER. Functions in membrane formation and protein secretion.

67
Q

functions of chloroplats

A

site of photosynthesis

68
Q

functions of the nucleus

A

contain much more DNA than do bacteria, and this DNA is organized as multiple chromosomes located within a nucleus.

69
Q

What is the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

p.- cell division by binary fission
e- cell division by meiosis

P-chomosone lacks histones. circular, only one chromosome, in region called nucleoid
e- dna is associated with chromosomal proteins called histones. chromosomes linear, variable number of chromosomes.

p-Bacteria cell walls contain peptidoglycan; archea- pseudopeptidoglycan
e-Fungi: chitin; plants and algae: cellulose

P-nucleus not present
e-present

P-flagellum rotational motion
e- flagellum whiplike motion

p. membrane bound organelles not present
e- present

70
Q

What are the similarities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
  1. Both have DNA (not same amount)
  2. both have cytoplasm
  3. Both have plasma membrane (but made differently)
  4. Both can have flagella (but structurally different.)
71
Q

Describe the differences between viruses and micoroorganisms?

A

V-viruses can reproduce only by using the cellular machinery of other organisms.
M- reproduce through binary fission or meiosis.

V- nonliving organism
M-living organism

V-organells are missing
M- depending on organism, is present

72
Q

Why aren’t viruses alive?

A

because they are inert outside of living hosts.

73
Q

Bacteria including cyanobacteria

A
  • single celled organisms
  • prokaryotes
  • cell walls composed of carbohydrate and peptidoglycan
  • reproduce by binary fission
  • metabolism - chemoorganotroph( from dead or living organisms) ; come bacteria can photosynthesize (cyanobacteria)
74
Q

Identify characteristics, cellular structures, metabolism, where they live, and diseases if associated of Archea :

A
  • prokaryote
  • cell walls lack peptidoglycan
  • live in extreme environments: divided in 3 groups:
    • methanogens - produce methane as waste, product from respiration
    • Halophiles- live in salty environtment
    • Thermophiles - (hyperthermophiles) live in hot springs, or hot spring runoff
  • not known to cause human disease
75
Q

Identify characteristics, cellular structures, metabolism, where they live, and diseases if associated of Fungi

A

-eukaryotes
-1 cell (yeasts) or multicellular (molds)
-cell walls composed of chitin
metabolism - nourishment by absorbing solutions of organic material from their environment

76
Q

Identify characteristics, cellular structures, metabolism, where they live, and diseases if associated of Algae

A

-photosynthetic eukaryotes

-

77
Q

Identify characteristics, cellular structures, metabolism, where they live, and diseases if associated of Protozoa

A

unicellular eukaryotic microbes

  • protozoa move by psudeopods, flagella or cilia
  • have a variety of shaped
  • live as free entities or parasites that absorbe or ingest organic compounds from their environment.
    e. g. euglena is photosynthetis
78
Q

Which of the microorganisms are capable of photosynthesis?

A
  • Protozoa

- Algea

79
Q

Identify characteristics, cellular structures, metabolism, where they live, and diseases if associated of Viruses

A
  • acellular (not cellular)
  • reproduce only by using cellular machinery of other organisms.
  • are parasites of other forms of life.
  • Diseases are associated with this microorganism
80
Q

Identify characteristics, cellular structures, metabolism, where they live, and diseases if associated of helminths

A
  • eukaryotes

- flat worms and round worms

Microbiology 1 (3 decks)

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