Radiation

Question 1

what symbol stands for atomic number

Answer 1

Z

Question 2

Z is the number of what in a nucleus

Answer 2

protons

Question 3

what is the symbol for atomic mass number

Answer 3

A

Question 4

what does it mean by energy quantisation

Answer 4

total energy of an electron in bound state is quantised

Question 5

what is energy level

Answer 5

electron bound to an atomic nucleus

Question 6

what is ground state

Answer 6

energy with lowest energy (most tightly bound) - electrons will always be here

Question 7

what is excited state

Answer 7

state with energy higher than the ground state

Question 8

what two things doe photons have

Answer 8

energy and momentum

Question 9

photons have 0 rest mass how can they have non-zero momentum/ KE

Answer 9

• travel at speed of light
• slightly different rules

Question 10

electrons lose energy to jump to lower/higher energy level

Answer 10

lower

Question 11

electrons gain energy to jump to lower/higher energy level

Answer 11

higher

Question 12

electron cant make a transition to higher or lower energy state with out what

Answer 12

absorbing or emitting radiation

Question 13

what is the equation for energy of the absorbed or emitted photons

Answer 13

E=hf

Question 14

what is joule defined in terms of

Answer 14

Macroscopic masses

Question 15

instead of gravity what do we use to define the electron volt unit

Answer 15

electrostatic potential energy

Question 16

what is the equation for electrostatic potential energy in an electric field

Answer 16

U=qV

Question 17

deBroglie’s insight indicated we should treat electrons as ____ rather than small “billiard balls” of matter

• what does this break down

Answer 17

waves

breaks down the solar system model of the atom

Question 18

quantised energy levels in atomic systems is when election wave-function does what after on circuit of the orbital

Answer 18

matched up perfectly

Question 19

the number of an electrons and there arrangement into energy levels is called what

Answer 19

electron configuration

Question 20

a nucelar consituent - either proton or neutron

Answer 20

nucleon

Question 21

another name for a nucleus, or an atom with specific nuclear makeup

Answer 21

nuclide

Question 22

atoms with same number of protons - but different neutrons

Answer 22

isotops

Question 23

atoms with same number of neutrons but different number of protons

Answer 23

isotones

Question 24

wha is the unit for atomic mass unit

Answer 24

kg

Question 25

avogardo's number is the number of atoms in excatly ____ of carbon 12

Answer 25

0.012kg

Question 26

converting atomic mass unit into energy using what calculation

Answer 26

E=mc^2

Question 27

strong nuclear force is what range, type of force, and acts like what

Answer 27

short range residual force acts like glue

Question 28

what does a residual force do

Answer 28

binds protons to protons and protons to neutrons

Question 29

what is the drop of liquid analogy

Answer 29

nucleus is like a drop of charged liquid - to turn liquid into gas need some energy - then energy is latent heat of vaporisation

Question 30

if we wanted to break the atom into its constituent parts what energy do we need

Answer 30

binding energy

Question 31

the greater bindig energy , more energy have to break it apart means what to the atom

Answer 31

the more stabalised atom is

Question 32

the joining together of smaller nuclei to form larger more stable nuclei - elements with mass number <56 - high temp

Answer 32

fussion

Question 33

breaking up of larger nuclei to form smaller nuclei = mass number >56 = produce energy

Answer 33

fission

Question 34

radiation is the product of ______ _____

Answer 34

nuclear decay

Question 35

when nucleus decays what happens to the atomic number (Z) - and what happens when this occurs

Answer 35

may change - atom transforms from one element to another

Question 36

all elements z> ___ are radioactive

Answer 36

82

Question 37

what are the three types of radiation

Answer 37

alpha, beta, gamma

Question 38

alpha particles are helium nuclei what does this mean

Answer 38

two protons and two neutrons - because helium is number 2 on the periodic table

Question 39

what are beta particles made out of

Answer 39

electrons or positrons

Question 40

what charge is beta radiation

Answer 40

- (electronic ) or + (positronic)

Question 41

what does beta ratiation lose during collisions

Answer 41

energy

Question 42

antineutrino is always produced in whattype of beta radiation decay

Answer 42

B-

Question 43

neutrino is always produces in what decay of beta radiation

Answer 43

B+

Question 44

what charge is gamma radiation

Answer 44

no charge

Question 45

when atom decays and emits gamma radiation what changes and what doesn't change

Answer 45

structure of nucleus doesn't change - state of excitation does

Question 46

larger decay constant the fast the ____ decrease

Answer 46

number of radioactive atoms

Question 47

explain the half life

Answer 47

time required for amount of radionuclide to decrease to half the starting value

Question 48

Break radiation is called what

Answer 48

Bremmstrahlung

Question 49

treating inner-shell electrons as hydrogen like energies is what form of x rays

Answer 49

characteristics xray s

Question 50

sealed tub containing gass at low pressure with anode and cathode is called what

Answer 50

generation of X-rays

Question 51

upper atmosphere creates neutrons, some of which reach the lower atmosphere and interact w/ nitrogen to create a radioactive isotop of carbon - what is this

Answer 51

carbon dating

Question 52

when a particle and its anti-particles meet - they annihilate and their mass is converted to enrgy - 2 photons of equal energy must be created in order to conserve momentum

Answer 52

annihilation

Question 53

what type of radiation goes the furtherest

Answer 53

gamma

Question 54

with higher electrons will the radiation go further or shorter

Answer 54

further

Question 55

with a solution that is more dense will radiation go further or shorter

Answer 55

shorter in more dense solution

Question 56

attenuation of radiation by matter is what type of process

Answer 56

exponential

Question 57

what are more ionisation and interact more often - between alpha and beta radiation

Answer 57

alpha

Question 58

alpha radiation is particularly dangerous to biological tissue but only if the tissue is in close contact with the ___ _____

Answer 58

alpha emitter

Question 59

three ways X and gamma radiation interact with matter

Answer 59

1. photoelectric effect 2. compton scattering 3. pair production

Question 60

ioising radiation causes damage to genetically important molecules occasionally by direct hit but more often ____ by the creation of free radicals

Answer 60

indirect

Question 61

deterministic effects are 1. early of late 2. lethal or non lethal damage

Answer 61

early lethal

Question 62

units of sievert (Sv) is or rem(roentgen equivalent man) measures what

Answer 62

roentgen equivalent man

Question 63

what does a PET scan use

Answer 63

positron emitting nucide

Question 64

the activity of a sample is related to what

Answer 64

how many atoms are decaying in a second

Question 65

what equation would you use for activity of a sample

Answer 65

A= (lamdar) xN

Question 66

what equation would you use for a decay constant

Answer 66

lamnar = 0.693/t(1/2)

Question 67

what is nuclear decay

Answer 67

process of an unstable nucleus transform into more stable (may still be unstable)