Radiation Flashcards

(41 cards)

1
Q

How does a PET scan work?

A

Patient is injected with a radioactive tracer which emits positrons. Positrons collide with electrons and annihilate. We can then detect the gamma rays being emitted and pinpoint where the positron was released.

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2
Q

How is the location of the gamma radiation found?

A

A gamma camera

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3
Q

What is internal radiotherapy?

A

When a source of beta radiation is inserted into the body near a tumour

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4
Q

What is external radiotherapy?

A

Where several lower energy beams are directed at the tumour to reduce damage to surrounding cells.

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5
Q

What is irradiation?

A

When you are exposed to a nearby radioactive source but when you move away it stops.

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6
Q

What is contamination?

A

When radioactive particles get under the skin or in the body. The person will be exposed until the unstable nuclei have decayed.

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7
Q

What does ionising radiation do?

A

Removes the electrons from DNA which causes mutation

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8
Q

Who came up with the plum pudding model?

A

J.J Thompson

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9
Q

Who shot atoms through a gold sheet?

A

Rutherford

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10
Q

Most of an atom is…

A

Empty space

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11
Q

Who came up with the idea of the electron orbit?

A

Neils Bohr

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12
Q

Protons have a relative mass of…

A

1

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13
Q

Protons have a charge of…

A

+1

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14
Q

Neutrons have a relative mass of…

A

1

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15
Q

Neutrons have a relative charge of…

A

0

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16
Q

Electrons have a relative mass of…

A

0

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17
Q

Electrons have a relative charge of…

18
Q

What happens if an atom loses an electron?

A

It becomes a positive ion

19
Q

What happens if an atom gains an electron?

A

It becomes a negative ion

20
Q

When is EM energy or visible light released?

A

When electrons move between energy levels

21
Q

How does an electron become ‘free’?

A

It can absorb enough radiation that with enough energy it can move so far it leaves the atom

22
Q

What are positive and negative ions?

A

Positive- more protons

Negative- more electrons

23
Q

What number is at the top?

24
Q

What number is at the bottom?

A

Atomic number

25
Relative charge of a positron?
+1
26
Relative mass of a positron?
0
27
Electrons take in energy to...
Jump up shells
28
Electrons give out energy to...
Jump down the shells
29
When the electrons in the atom lose energy they...
Move to a lower electron shell
30
Why do people who work around radiation wear photographic film?
Because it shows when too much gamma radiation has been absorbed.
31
What happens in alpha decay?
Mass number goes down by 4 Atomic number goes down by 2 - 4 - 2
32
What happens in beta decay?
Mass number stays the same but atomic number goes up 1 +0 +1
33
What does a neutron turn into?
A proton and an electron
34
What is half time?
The time it takes for half of the number of radioactive nuclei to stop being radioactive
35
Uses for radiation?
Food (gamma) Medical equipment (gamma) Smoke detectors Testing the thickness of paper
36
How do smoke detectors work?
The alpha particles ionise the air between the plates, these ions then get attracted to the plates causing a current to flow. When the smoke gets inside the detector it slows the ions down, decreasing the current. This is when the alarm sounds.
37
What is nuclear fission?
Larger nuclei breaks up to form smaller nuclei, which releases energy ➢ Nuclear power stations use this type of nuclear radiation
38
What is nuclear fusion?
Two small nuclei fuse together to form a larger nucleus which releases massive amounts of energy
39
Drawbacks of nuclear power?
As the water and carbon absorbs the radiation they become radioactive. This means that the water and the carbon rods are just as dangerous as the radioactive metal.
40
Benefits of nuclear power?
Nuclear power stations don’t burn fossil fuels so they don’t produce any CO2.
41
1 Bq = ?
1 decay per second