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Radiation Protection Flashcards

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1
Q

radiation that has the ability to make an atom a charged particle

A

ionizing radiation

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2
Q

has to have mass

doesn’t travel far

A

particulate radiation

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3
Q

what do we treat superficial with?

A

electrons

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4
Q

how do we treat deeper?

A

photons

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5
Q

energy and wavelength are ___ proportional

A

inversely

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6
Q

two major groups of radiation in rad therapy

A

external beam

brachytherapy

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7
Q

External beam:

A

linear accelerators/cobalt 60 machines

produce x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons

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8
Q

Brachytherapy sources:

A

137Cs, 192Ir, 125I

emit gamma rays, x-rays, alpha particles, and beta particles

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9
Q

example of alpha particles

A

helium nuclei

2 protons, 2 neutrons

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10
Q

alpha particles have a ___ LET

A

high

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11
Q

How do alpha particles do damage?

A

They have to get inside of you

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12
Q

how are alpha particles emitted?

A

from unstable nuclei
comes from nucleus
ex) radium or radon

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13
Q

where are beta particles edited from?

A

the nucleus

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14
Q

beta particles can be _____ or ______ charged

A

negative, positive

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15
Q

What is the rest mass of an electron?

A

.511 MeV

rest mass of an electron

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16
Q

how are beta particles best shielded?

A

plastic or glass

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17
Q

what equation is the photoelectric effect dependent on

A

z^3/e^3

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18
Q

what is the difference in x-rays and gamma rays?

A

gamma rays- nucleus

x-rays- orbitals

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19
Q

what percent of X-ray interaction is brems?

A

85%

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20
Q

what percent of x-ray interactions is characteristic?

A

15%

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21
Q

What are the sources of radiation?

A
  • natural background

- man made

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22
Q

What are the natural background sources of radiation?

A
  • cosmic: from space
  • terrestrial: from ground
  • internal exposure: radioactive material in body
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23
Q

What is an ex. of terrestrial radiation?

A

radon

2nd most common for lung cancer

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24
Q

Units for exposure

A

traditional: roentgen
SI: coulomb/ Kg of air

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25
Units for absorbed dose
traditional: rad SI: Gray
26
Unit for dose equivalent | ** Quality Factor**
traditional: rem SI: sievert
27
Unit for activity brachytherapy 1 disintegration/sec
traditional: curie SI: bequerel
28
1 roentgen= ? Coulomb/Kg of air
2.58x10^-4
29
quality factor of: | x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons
1
30
quality factor of: | thermal neutrons
5
31
quality factor of: | neutrons, heavy particles
20
32
Types of measurement devices:
- gas filled detectors - TLD - Film - Pocket ionization chambers - neutron detectors
33
types of gas filled detectors | -calibrated within 2%
- ionization chamber (pocket dosimeter) | - geiger muller detector (very sensitive, measures presence of radiation)
34
TLD
``` thermoluminescent dosimeter lithium fluoride, dose can be stored for days anneling process 1 hour: 400 degree C 24 hours: 80 degree C ```
35
pocket ionization chambers
immediate readout initially expensive for infrequently exposed has to be charged to zero it out
36
neutron detectors
"rascal" BF3 or Argon bubble counters
37
OSL
optically stimulated light in relation to dose Al2 O3
38
rascal neutron detector | boriated polyethylene
above 10 | our range 6-20
39
Regulatory Agencies: | National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement
NCRP | set exposure levels
40
Regulatory Agencies: | International Commission on Radiation Protection
ICRP | set exposure levels
41
Regulatory Agencies: | Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NRC | isotope usage
42
Regulatory Agencies: | Food and Drug administration
FDA | linac license
43
Regulatory Agencies: | Department of Transportation
DOT | Transporting isotopes
44
Non stochastic effects | deterministic
threshold
45
stochastic
non threshold
46
dose response curves | linear and quadratic
probability increases with dose, not sensitivity
47
Somatic effects
in exposed individual | carcinogenesis
48
genetic effects
occurring in future children | mutagenesis
49
developmental effects
develop while in eutero teratogenesis embryologic
50
ALARA
as low as reasonably achievable
51
comparable risk
it shouldn't be more dangerous to work in our field than any other
52
genetically significant dose
GSD take into account all radiation types | measurement of genetic rise to an entire population
53
3 major rules of radiation
1. time 2. distance 3. shielding
54
In cobalt machines, exposure must be less than ____ at any point ___ m from the source
10 mR/ hour | 1 m
55
if average radiation reads ___ then it is outside the range of reading
2 mR/ hr
56
What are the shielding factors? | B=pd^2/WUT
``` w- workload u-use factor t- occupancy factor d- distance b- transmission factor p- point of interest dose ```
57
Safety equipment | examples of quality assurance testing
- warning signs - warning lights - door interlocks - visual and aural communication (should be able to see and hear pt) - beam on monitors - emergency off controls (if not working, go straight to circuit breaker) - QA
58
Brachytherapy
- must have license from NRC - keep a log of sources in/out - use shielded carriers - post patient room - personnel monitor - warning signs and survey - leak tests - HDR (High Dose Rate)
59
Inventory: removing returning
removing- take inventory sources removed, sources remaining returning- sources remaining, complete inventory
60
administrative requirements and roles
``` ALARA RSO- implement radiation protection program RSC- oversee the use of the material written procedure- written directive- prescription ```
61
Medical event:
recordable event misadministration 180-200 cGy per fraction
62
Disposal of radioactive waste
- facility dependent - usually separated by half life * must decay 10 half lives - can be in different forms * ** All falls under NRC****

Rad 360 (5 decks)

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