Radicals

Question 1

3 main reasons for radicalism?

Answer 1

-Economic
-Industrial revolution
-International influence

Question 2

3 main ways radicals posed a threat?

Answer 2

-Ideas
-Organisation
-Events

Question 3

3 points for extent of radical achievement?

Answer 3

-Popular support
-Government response
-Radical organisation

Question 4

3 points for extent of radical failure?

Answer 4

-Popular support
-Government response
-Radical organisation

Question 5

3 main causes of radical failure?

Answer 5

-Lack of organisation
-Strong government response
-Unrealistic aims

Question 6

What did membership of the LCS peak at?

Answer 6

3000 in 1795

Question 7

How did the LCS achieve financial organisation?

Answer 7

Members had to pay one penny per week to fund the organisation.

Question 8

What did the LCS do? (3 key points)

Answer 8

-Weekly meetings in unrepresented towns- Manchester, Leeds.
-Corresponded with France.
-Printed pamphlets.

Question 9

Key figure in the LCS?

Answer 9

-Cartwright

Question 10

What were the key ideas of the French Revolution?

Answer 10

-Equality, Fraternity, Liberty.
-Popular sovereignty and constitutionalism.
-Protection of rights

Question 11

Examples of MPs reactions to French Revolution?

Answer 11

Burke- led him to break from the Whigs and join the tories under Pitt.

Question 12

Whose works were influential to the radical movement?

Answer 12

Paine’s Rights of Man.

Question 13

How many copies of the Rights of Man were sold? What does this mean?

Answer 13

200,000 within a year; widespread of revolutionary ideas.

Question 14

What war caused unemployment in 1815?

Answer 14

Napoleonic Wars ending; demand dried and people were laid off.
300,000 ex soldiers returning home and needing work.

Question 15

What hindered jobs in factories?

Answer 15

Machines which took the place of skilled labourers.

Question 16

What did government do to worsen the economic conditions in 1815?

Answer 16

-Raised tax- including on food- to pay off debts (risen to £861 million) from war with France.
-Corn Law: kept the price of bread artificially high.

Question 17

Where were there Luddite attacks? When?

Answer 17

Industrial areas of Nottingham, Yorkshire and Lancashire in 1810-11.

Question 18

Evidence of luddite violence?

Answer 18

1812 attempts to assassinate mill owners associated with the introduction of new machines. One was successful.

Question 19

How many people attended Peterloo?

Answer 19

60,000 men, women and children.

Question 20

When was Peterloo?

Answer 20

1819

Question 21

When was the Blanketeers march?

Answer 21

1817

Question 22

How many people attended the Blanketeer march?

Answer 22

5,000 marchers with a crowd of 25,000.

Question 23

How did government respond to the Blanketeers march?

Answer 23

Severe response- broke up gathering, 27 arrested including leaders.

Question 24

When was the Spa Fields protest?

Answer 24

1816

Question 25

Who led the Spa Fields protests?

Answer 25

Henry Hunt

Question 26

What was the nature of the crowds at Spa Fields?

Answer 26

Mostly peaceful, but a small group rioted; raided a gun shop and marched to the Tower of London.

Question 27

What did the Spa Fields protest lead to?

Answer 27

The Gagging Acts 1817: -Treason Act -Seditious Meetings Act

Question 28

How many people attended Spa Fields?

Answer 28

10,000.

Question 29

When was Pentrich?

Answer 29

1817

Question 30

How many marched at Pentrich? What did they intend?

Answer 30

200; violent attack; were armed.

Question 31

Who infiltrated Pentrich?

Answer 31

William Oliver

Question 32

Who led Peterloo?

Answer 32

Henry Hunt

Question 33

How did government respond to Peterloo?

Answer 33

Hunt arrested, magistrates and yeomanry infiltrate; 11 killed, over 800 injured.

Question 34

What was Cartwright known as?

Answer 34

The 'father' of newspaper agitation.

Question 35

2 Key radical newspapers that emerged?

Answer 35

The Medusa The Republican

Question 36

What did Cobbett begin to publish? When?

Answer 36

Weekly Political Register 1802

Question 37

How much did Cobbett's political register cost? How popular was it?

Answer 37

2d. Read by thousands.

Question 38

Which political clubs emerged under the Radicals?

Answer 38

Hampden Club- founded by Cartwright in 1812.

Question 39

Strengths in organisation of the Hampden Club?

Answer 39

Any man could join for 1d per week.

Question 40

Weaknesses in organisation of the Hampden Club?

Answer 40

Membership limited by fears of punishment. M/C reluctant to join over fears such a club could encourage revolution.

Question 41

Evidence of radical weakness in organisation? (4 key points)

Answer 41

-Not nationwide -Small numbers -Methods used by groups (like LCS) -Hunt and Cobbett conflict over methods of achieving equal suffrage.

Question 42

When did government suspend Habeas Corpus?

Answer 42

Twice in 1794

Question 43

How did government limit meetings?

Answer 43

Seditious Meetings Act 1795 banned public meetings over 50 people. Then extended in 1817.

Question 44

How did government limit the spread of ideas?

Answer 44

Treason Act extended definition of treason to include spoken or written publications.

Question 45

How did government limit news?

Answer 45

1797 Stamp Tax made newspapers less accessible to poor people. 1798 Newspaper Regulation Act to limit publications.

Question 46

How did government infiltrate groups?

Answer 46

Espionage- eg. William Oliver at Pentrich in 1817.

Question 47

Political system unreformed: representation in different seats

Answer 47

County seats: high property qualification Borough seats: wider but borough dependent; unrepresentative of population.

Question 48

Political system unreformed: votes

Answer 48

Plural voting, and often wealthier voters qualified for 4 votes. Wealthy landowners with multiple properties could vote in multiple places.

Question 49

Political system unreformed: distribution and rotten boroughs

Answer 49

Over 50 constituencies had fewer than 50 voters in each. Very few contested seats

Question 50

Political system unreformed: distribution and disproportionality

Answer 50

Rural is over represented; 42 MPs for boroughs in Cornwall, while big cities like Manchester and Leeds had no MPs.

Question 51

Political system unreformed: corruption by landowners

Answer 51

Landowners able to control their tenants; jobs depended on them being on side. Public voting.

Question 52

Political system unreformed: corruption in buying votes.

Answer 52

Electors could be bought out- often for as much as £10.

Question 53

Political system unreformed: Corruption and treating

Answer 53

Electorate bribed with food, drink and entertainment.

Question 54

Political system unreformed: Corruption and the nature of elections.

Answer 54

Often rowdy and violent; attempts at intimidation.