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diagnostics final > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the benefit of identifying lung patterns?

A

Narrow differential list

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2
Q

Name the common lung patterns

A

Alveolar
Interstitial (Structured v Unstructured)
Bronchial
Vascular

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3
Q

Describe the appearance of an alveolar pattern

A

Homogenous, uniform opacity that varies from solid and opaque to faint or “wispy”

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4
Q

What radiographic signs often accompany an alveolar pattern?

A

Lobar sign
Silhouette effect/border effacement
Air bronchogram

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5
Q

What is a lobar sign?

A

Interface between fluid filled lung and gas filled lung

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6
Q

What is an air bronchogram?

A

Lucency within the airways surrounded by fluid within the alveoli

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7
Q

Alveolar patterns are considered the ________ pattern

A

Dominant

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8
Q

What are some differential diagnoses for an alveolar pattern?

A

Pneumonia - aspiration, bronchopneumonia, hematogenous

Edema - cardiogenic versus non-cardiogenic

Hemorrhage - trauma, coagulopathy

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9
Q

What is atelectasis? How does it appear on radiographs?

A

Atelectasis = collapse of alveoli

Cardiac shift to collapsed side

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10
Q

You have a patient in-hospital who has developed a cough and elevated respiratory rate. You immediately pull the patient from its kennel and take radiographs. You notice an atelectic lung.

What non-pathologic cause could be contributing to this change?

A

Atelectasis is common in patients that have been in prolonged recumbency

Allow them to take a few breaths to re-inflate and retake radiograph

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11
Q

Linear interstitial patterns are also called ___________

A

Unstructured

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12
Q

How does a linear interstitial pattern appear?

A

Increased hazy, linear opacities

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13
Q

Using vasculature, how can we differentiate an alveolar pattern from an interstitial pattern?

A

Vasculature is smudged but remains visible in a linear interstitial pattern while you cannot visualize vasculature in an alveolar pattern

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14
Q

How can we artificially create a linear interstitial pattern?

A

Underexposed radiograph
Expiratory radiograph

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15
Q

What are some causes of a linear interstitial pattern?

A

Artifact
Geriatric change
Pulmonary edema
Hemorrhage
Pneumonia
Neoplasia
Fibrosis

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16
Q

A nodular interstitial pattern is also called _______

A

Structured

17
Q

What characterizes a nodular interstitial pattern?

A

Relatively circumscribed nodules/masses

Can be singular or multiple of varying sizes

18
Q

What does a bronchial pattern look like?

A

End-on thickened bronchi - “donuts”

Longitudinal thickened bronchi - “railroad tracks”

19
Q

What causes a bronchial pattern?

A

Thickened bronchial walls

DDX - Bronchitis (chronic), feline asthma, pulmonary parasites

20
Q

What is a vascular pattern?

A

Changes in vessel size, shape, or contour

21
Q

Pulmonary veins are ______ and ______

A

Ventral and central

22
Q

What are some causes of a pulmonary vascular pattern?

A

Heartworm disease - artery > vein

L to R Shunts (Pulmonary overperfusion) - artery and vein enlarged

Venous congestion (L sided HF) - vein > artery

23
Q

What are important things to analyze when looking at radiographs of a vomiting patient?

A

Location
Gas patterns
Intraluminal contents
Diameter

24
Q

How does an increased BCS affect SI location?

A

SI more centrally located in obese patients

25
Q

What should a normal SI’s gas pattern look like?

A

Smooth, homogenous

26
Q

What is the normal appearance of the colon?

A

Gassy w/ more ST opaque material

27
Q

Is it normal for SI to be located more in the right side of the abdomen?

A

Yes - normal variation

28
Q

Describe how a linear foreign body might appear on a radiograph

A

Plication of the bowel

“Commas”

29
Q

What is the normal canine SI diameter?

A

<1.6x height of L5 body

30
Q

SI diameter >____x height of L5 body is suggestive of obstructive disease

A

2x

31
Q

What is the normal feline SI diameter?

A

Less than or equal to 12mm

32
Q

What is ileus?

A

Failure of passage of intestinal contents thru bowel lumen

33
Q

What are the two types of ileus?

A

Paralytic
Obstructive

34
Q

How does paralytic ileus appear?

A

Mild generalized dilation

1 population of bowel

35
Q

Name some causes of paralytic ileus (there are so many, just try and name a few - basically anything that causes the bowel to not want to contract)

A

Peritonitis
Post-op abdomen
Enteritis
Pain
Anticholinergic drugs
Sedation/anesthesia
Dysautonomia
GDV and mesenteric volvulus
Electrolyte imbalance

36
Q

How does pancreatitis result in focal paralytic ileus?

A

Anatomical relationship between pancreas and duodenum

Inflamed R limb of pancreas can lead to inflammation and hypomotility of the duodenum

37
Q

Describe obstructive ileus

A

Dramatic dilation
Portion of bowel cranial to obstruction will be dilated
2 populations of bowel (one dilated, one normal)

38
Q

Name some causes of obstructive ileus

A

FB
Intussusception (Puppies!)
Stricture
Neoplasia
Hernia
Adhesions

diagnostics final (4 decks)

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