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Diagnostics Final > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the grocery store system

A

16oz = 1lb
1lb = 1pt
2pt = 1qt
4qt = 1gal

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2
Q

How much does 1 mL weigh?

A

1 gram

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3
Q

1% =

A

1g OR 1mL/100g or mL

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4
Q

1:1000 =

A

1g/1000mL

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5
Q

1ppm =

A

1:1,000,000 or 1mg/kg or 0.0001%

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6
Q

Ppm in feed x %BW eaten per day =

A

Mg/kg dose

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7
Q

What is the general organ target system of insecticides?

A

Nervous system

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8
Q

Organophosphate, carbamate, and neonicotinoid insecticides increase action at ________ receptors

A

Acetylcholine

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9
Q

If caught early, how can you treat carbamate/OP toxicity?

A

0.01 - 0.04 mg/kg IV atropine

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10
Q

After giving atropine, you can confirm whether or not patient actually had OP/carbamate toxicity. How?

A

If eyes dilated, HR increases, and/or salivation stops in 5-10 minutes, patient does NOT have OP or carbamate toxicity

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11
Q

You gave a first dose of atropine to a suspected OP toxicity. There was no change in the patient. What do you do next?

A

Give antidotal dose of atropine (0.02mg/kg)

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12
Q

How does atropine treat OP/carbamate toxicity?

A

OP and carbamate act as cholinesterase inhibitors, so if we give atropine, a parasympatholytic (muscarinic receptor antagonist), we can decrease Ach action at the receptor

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13
Q

What other drug can be use in in small animals for the treatment of OP/carbamate toxicity?

A

2-PAM

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14
Q

If there is a known high dose exposure to OP/carbamate, what dose of atropine should be given and how?

A

0.1-0.5mg/kg

give first 1/4IV and the rest IM or SC

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15
Q

T/F: An antidote exists for bromethalin toxicity, it just needs to be purchased from Europe.

A

False - the only treatment for Bromethalin toxicity is to decontaminate

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16
Q

What is the toxic dose of bromethalin?

A

0.25 - 1.5 mg/kg

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17
Q

Vitamin K antagonists target what body system?

A

Hematopoietic

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18
Q

Cholecalciferol is a ___________

A

Vitamin D

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19
Q

What is the target organ of cholecalciferol?

A

Kidneys

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20
Q

T/F: Strychnine targets the nervous system, causing profound dullness and depression

A

False - causes tetanic seizures

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21
Q

What body systems does lead affect?

A

GI
CNS
Kidney

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22
Q

What is the treatment for lead toxicosis?

A

Calcium EDTA 75mg/kg

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23
Q

What crop does aflatoxin have an affinity for?

A

Corn

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24
Q

What body system does aflatoxin affect?

A

GI (liver)

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25
Q

Normal serum sodium is __________

A

110-160mEq/L

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26
Q

What are normal blood lead values?

A

<0.2ppm

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27
Q

Normal serum iron levels

A

1-3ppm

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28
Q

Normal serum zinc levels

A

0.7-2ppm

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29
Q

Whole blood selenium levels should be

A

80-300ppb

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30
Q

When feeding cool, wet season grains, what toxin should you be aware of?

A

Vomitoxin

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31
Q

Zealenone is besties with what other toxin

A

Vomitoxin

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32
Q

Slaframine is produced in _________

A

Clover

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33
Q

Where can penitrem A be found?

A

Rotting dairy, garbage

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34
Q

Like penitrem A, _________ can also be found in garbage and is neurotoxic

A

Roquefortine

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35
Q

Fumonisin is a neurotoxin that can be found in _______

A

Moldy corn products

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36
Q

Name some toxic bulbs

A

Daffodils
Tulips
Iris
Hyacinths
Crocus
Amaryllis
Gladiolas

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37
Q

CS associated with bulb ingestion

A

Onset time <1h
Salivation, vomiting, diarrhea
Usually not lethal

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38
Q

How can you treat bulb ingestions?

A

Decontamination
Activated charcoal
Cerenia

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39
Q

In addition to being a GI irritant, Narcissus sp. are also associated with __________

A

Dermatitis

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40
Q

Toxic dose of onions and garlic

A

0.5% BW or 5g/kg

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41
Q

What is the target body system of onions and garlic?

A

Hematopoietic - oxidative injury to RBCs

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42
Q

How can you treat onion toxicity?

A

Decontamination
Symptomatically

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43
Q

Name some common toxic holiday plants

A

Mistletoe
Holly
Poinsettia
Christmas trees

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44
Q

Christmas plants typically act on the _____ system

A

GI

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45
Q

Christmas trees are extra special in that in addition to gastroenteritis the phenols and pine oils present can cause…

A

Hepatic necrosis
Nephrosis

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46
Q

Who is more susceptible to onion/garlic toxicity?

A

Cats

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47
Q

Which is/are recognized as more toxic to cats?

A) Tulip bulbs
B) Onions
C) Mistletoe
D) Pine

A

B and D

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48
Q

What is the toxic component of cardiotoxic plants?

A

Digoxin
Oleander
Others exist

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49
Q

Name some cardiotoxic plants

A

Foxglove
Lily of the Valley
Oleander

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50
Q

T/F: only dried cardiotoxic plants are toxic

A

False - can be fresh or dry

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51
Q

Who is susceptible to cardiotoxic plants?

A

All animals

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52
Q

Mechanism of action of cardiotoxic plants

A

Inhibition of Na/K/ATPase pump leads to increased intracellular Na and Ca

Slows HR and causes dysrhythmias

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53
Q

What clinicopathologic changes might you see with cardiotoxic plant ingestion?

A

Hyperkalemia d/t the impaired Na/K/ATPase pump

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54
Q

Treatment for cardiotoxic plant intoxication

A

Aggressive decontamination
Atropine for bradycardia
Lidocaine for arrhythmias
SA - Digibind (binds digitalis and other glycosides)

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55
Q

Dogbane and common milkweed target the heart and most exposures are from _______

A

Contaminated hay

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56
Q

Diagnosing milkweed/dogbane toxicosis

A

GI, cardiac abnormalities
presence of plant in GIT
Hyperkalemia
ECG abnormalities

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57
Q

The toxic principle in tobacco is _________

A

Nicotine

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58
Q

Who is more frequently affected by tobacco?

A

Puppies

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59
Q

T/F: cardiotoxic plants can be found in home gardens and in fields

A

True

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60
Q

T/F: Many cardiotoxic plants are similar to the cardiac drug digoxin

A

True

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61
Q

T/F: HR increases when animals ingest typical cardiotoxic plants

A

False - bradycardia common finding

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62
Q

What is the toxic principle in Yew?

A

Taxine

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63
Q

T/F: All parts of yew are toxic

A

F - all parts except for the flesh red aril

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64
Q

What does Yew affect?

A

The heart - depression of AV conduction, bradycardia, hypotension

Can lead to diastolic cardiac arrest

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65
Q

Prognosis for yew intoxication is

A

Guarded

66
Q

Rhododendron, Azalea, and Mt. Laurel contain __________

A

Grayanotoxins

67
Q

Who is most likely to be affected by grayanotoxins?

A

Sheep and goats

68
Q

Mechanism of action of rhododendron toxicity

A

Stimulates the vagal nerve and vomiting center in the brain - bradycardia and persistent, projectile vomiting

69
Q

Toxic principle in buckeyes

A

Aesculin

70
Q

Clinical signs of buckeye toxicity

A

Ataxia, muscle tremors, lateral recumbency, paralysis, incoordination w/ hypermetria, hyperesthesia, nystagmus/strabismus, prostration, clonic-tonic seizures, coma

71
Q

Treatment for buckeye toxicity

A

Sedatives (Acepromazine)

72
Q

Who is most commonly affected by black walnut?

A

Horses

73
Q

What does black walnut cause in horses?

A

Laminitis - enhanced constriction of the blood vessels in the hoof wall thought to be the cause of

74
Q

T/F: the most ideal bedding for horse stalls is black walnut

A

False

75
Q

Treatment for black walnut toxicosis in horses

A

Remove shavings and wash legs
Activated charcoal, cathartic, mineral oil
Acepromazine, DMSO
Prazosin (Alpha1 adrenergic blocker)
Pain meds
Mechanical support

76
Q

Toxic principle in acorns

A

Gallotannin

77
Q

What systems do acorns affect?

A

Renal
GI
Cardiovascular

78
Q

Differential for acorn toxicosis

A

Red root pigweed

79
Q

Toxin associated with Acer spp. (maples)

A

Aceritannin

80
Q

CS of maple toxicity

A

Weak, tachypnea, pyrexia, methemoglobinemia, Heinz body anemia, cyanosis, tachycardia, hemoglobinuria, icterus, colic

81
Q

Plants that have cyanide glycosides (Sorghum sp. and Prunus sp.) are most hazardous during the ____________

A

Wilting stage

82
Q

Mechanism of action of cyanide

A

O2 stuck to Hgb
Cherry red colored blood

83
Q

CS of cyanide toxicosis

A

<1h onset
Bright red mucus membranes
Bitter almond or bleach smell
Staggering
Polypnea, severe dyspnea
Coma
Sudden death

84
Q

Treatment for cyanide toxicosis

A

Thiosulfate, nitrite, vitamin B12a

85
Q

T/F: Extreme case morbidities and mortalities (<30% and >70%) are more helpful than moderate morbidities/mortalities (30-70%) for differential diagnosis lists

A

True

86
Q

Four major points to help guide your differential list for toxicosis

A
  1. Systemic classification (GI, CNS, Renal)
  2. Onset time classification
  3. Morbidity
  4. Mortality
87
Q

Risk =

A

Hazard + Exposure

88
Q

When are emetics/gastric lavage contraindicated?

A

Volatile compounds, solvents, corrosives, convulsing patients

89
Q

When shouldn’t you use activated charcoal?

A

Metals, alcohols

90
Q

T/F: Three important items on a differential diagnosis are systems involved, onset time, and patients age.

A

False - Systems involved, onset time, morbidity and mortality

91
Q

T/F: Toxicological sampling and analysis is necessary for diagnosis of all cases of poisoning

A

F

92
Q

In most cases, what is the most reasonable approach to a toxicant exposed patient?

A

Decontamination

93
Q

T/F: A client calls to tell your their dog got into the cabinets under the kitchen sink where they kept a bunch of cleaning supplies. The best thing you can do for this patient would be to have them wait it out at home and see if anything happens.

A

False - Household chemicals range from extremely toxic to practically nontoxic, so it’s best to bring the patient to the clinic.

Probably would also be helpful to take pictures of what was under the sink or bring the products idk

94
Q

The _____ makes the _______

A

The dose makes the poison

95
Q

You look at a bottle of chemicals from under the kitchen sink. The label says “CAUTION.”

What category would this be? What might you expect the oral LD50 to be?

A

Category 3

0.5-5g/kg

96
Q

T/F: Category 1 and 2 products typically don’t have a signal word/label

A

True

97
Q

The oral LD50 for category 1 products is _________, while the oral LD50 for category 2 products is __________.

A

Category 1: >15g/kg

Category 2: 5-15g/kg

98
Q

You look at a bottle of chemicals from under the kitchen sink. The label says “Warning.”

What category would this be? What might you expect the oral LD50 to be?

A

Category 4

50-500mg/kg

99
Q

You look at a bottle of chemicals from under the kitchen sink. The label says “Danger: Poison.”

What category would this be? What might you expect the oral LD50 to be?

A

Could be either category 5 or 6

Category 5: 5-50mg/kg

Category 6: <5mg/kg

100
Q

T/F: Of all the detergents and surfactants we discussed, cationics are the least toxic

A

False - Cationics are the MOST toxic type; Nonionics have the lowest toxicity

101
Q

Non-phosphate, low suds laundry products, shampoos, and dishwashing detergents can be categorized as……

A

Nonionic!

Anionics also can be found in dishwashing soap, many laundry detergents, shampoo

102
Q

Where might you run into cationic products?

A

Disinfectants (Roccal), algicides, applicator tank mixes, fabric softeners

103
Q

When considering how toxic a cationic product is, what must you take into account?

A

The dose

104
Q

Amphoteric products are a combination of _________ and __________; however, amphoteric products aren’t as common around the home.

A

Anionic and cationic

105
Q

What is an example of a cationic ingredient that Dr. Ehrich mentioned a whole lot?

A

Quaternary ammonium derivatives

“Quat”

106
Q

What clinical signs can you expect to see with most detergents/surfactants?

A

GI irritation - vomiting and diarrhea

107
Q

T/F: Anionic products are associated with hemolysis

A

True

108
Q

T/F: Cationic products are limited to the GI system

A

False - GI and nervous system (muscle tremors, paresis, seizures, bladder atony)

109
Q

What’s scary about alkali substances?

A

More lipophilic than acids and penetrate deeper into tissues causing liquefactive necrosis

110
Q

T/F: If you suspect a patient has gotten into a alkali substance like oven cleaner, you should immediately induce emesis

A

False - Emesis, activated charcoal, lavage, and catharsis are CONTRAINDICATED

Should dilute & protect to treat

111
Q

What lesions might you expect with cationic surfactant toxicosis?

A

GI, dermal, and corneal ulcers possible

112
Q

Acids like toilet bowl cleaner have _______ labels

A

Danger

113
Q

Oxidizer like bleach have ________ labels

A

Warning

114
Q

Hydrocarbon solvents like furniture polishes, paint thinners, and spot removers have a _________ label

A

Caution

115
Q

What are the three major types of disinfectants?

A

Cationic surfactants (Ex. Lysol Basin, Tub & Tile, Roccal)

Phenolic compounds (Ex. Lysol)

Pine-oil based (Ex. Pine-Sol)

116
Q

What are the signs of disinfectant toxicity?

A

GI irritation, pain

117
Q

What species doesn’t handle phenols well?

A

Cats

118
Q

Treatment for disinfectant toxicity

A

Symptomatic
Irrigate exposed surface (milk/water)

119
Q

_________ and _________ are bad for cats

A

Pine oil and phenol

120
Q

T/F: Acids cause liquefactive penetrating necrosis

A

False - Acids cause coagulative surface necrosis

121
Q

What products can be inhaled?

A

Solvents and bleach

122
Q

T/F: You should never use emetics with caustics, corrosives, or solvents

A

True - stomach wall weakened and may burst, potential aspiration problems

123
Q

What alcohols are FDA approved for antiseptic use?

A

Ethanol, isopropyl

124
Q

What alcohol is a big no no and can cause vomiting, CNS depression, hypothermia, and acidosis?

A

Methanol

125
Q

T/F: Despite containing K, plant and lawn fertilizers typically don’t have enough to cause cardiac problems

A

True

126
Q

Who is most often affected by fertilizer toxicity?

A

Dogs

127
Q

What’s special about rose fertilizers?

A

Iron toxicosis with hepatic damage

128
Q

What system do fertilizers target?

A

GI

129
Q

How do you treat fertilizer toxicity?

A

Symptomatic
Dilution
Demulcents

130
Q

What is the best way to deal with corrosive (caustic, acid) ingestion?

A

Irrigation with water or milk

131
Q

Soaps, detergents, and surfactants for household use are usually not considered particularly dangerous, why?

A

Active ingredient is in low concentration
Labeling and/or packaging

132
Q

What is an important method of treatment in cases of exposure?

A

Dilution

133
Q

T/F: Pesticides encapsulate a large variety of pest-killers (herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, etc)

A

True

134
Q

> ____% of all pesticides used are herbicides

A

50

135
Q

Name the most noteworthy herbicides

A

Glyphosphate
2,4-D, Dicamba
Paraquat, Diquat
Atrazine

136
Q

T/F: Glyphosphate has low mammalian toxicity d/t poor dermal and oral absorption

A

True

137
Q

GI clinical signs associated with glyphosphate toxicity typically resolve within ________

A

24 hr

138
Q

Treatment for glyphosphate toxicity

A

Symptomatic
Dilution

139
Q

Glufosinate irriversibly inhibits _____ synthesis, leading to ______

A

Glutamine

Hyperammonemia

140
Q

Glufosinate acts on what systems?

A

CNS, Respiratory

141
Q

How do we treat Glufosinate toxicity?

A

Diazepam for seizures
IV fluids to increase excretion
Respiratory support as needed

142
Q

What is the mechanism of action of 2,4-D and Dicamba?

A

Analogues of auxin (plant growth hormone)

Cause abnormal plant growth

143
Q

Why do dogs have a greater sensitivity to phenoxyacetic acid herbicides compared to cattle? (Dicamba, 2-4D)

A

Decreased ability to excrete in urine

144
Q

What systems do phenoxyacetic acid herbicides affect?

A

GI - V, D, anorexia
Neuromuscular - Myotonia, paresis
Neural
Renal

145
Q

Treatment for 2,4-D toxicity

A

Decontamination!

Excreted thru urine, provide fluids with NaHCO3- to prevent ion trapping in the urine

Activated charcoal

Good prognosis

146
Q

Name the two bipyridil herbicides we discussed

A

Paraquat
Diquat

147
Q

Where does Paraquat accumulate? What is the result of this accumulation?

A

Lungs - severe fibrosis
Kidney - direct damage to glomerulus and tubules

148
Q

T/F: Unlike Paraquat, Diquat doesn’t result in lung toxicity

A

True

149
Q

What unique lesion may be found in dogs with chronic diquat toxicity?

A

Cataracts!

150
Q

What systems does diquat effects?

A

GI - Anorexia, ulceration of mouth and esophagus, vomiting, diarrhea, colic

Renal - Renal impairment

Eye - cataracts in dogs

151
Q

What is one way we can diagnose Paraquat/diquat toxicity?

A

Lab analysis of stomach contents, plasma, urine, lung, kidney using sodium dithionite test (blue or green color) in plasma and urine <24h

152
Q

Treatment for animals that present <6 hours after ingestion of Paraquat/diquat

A

Decontamination (emesis, activated charcoal, food)

Forced diuresis to maintain renal perfusion and increase elimination

Scavenger defense mechanism (N-acetylcysteine)

Anti-inflammatories

Salicylates

153
Q

T/F: prognosis following Paraquat/Diquat ingestion is extremely good.

A

False - extremely guarded

154
Q

What is the mechanism of action of triazine herbicides?

A

Unknown; can cause direct arteriolar vasodilation

155
Q

CS of triazine herbicide toxicity

A

Anorexia, salivation
Ataxia
Prostration (lying stretched out)
Hyperesthesia
Muscle tremors (hind end)

156
Q

T/F: 2,4-D is linked with lymphoma in dogs

A

False - probably not a cause of lymphoma in dogs

157
Q

T/F: glyphosate and 2,4-D are popular herbicides with low toxicities

A

True

158
Q

What are common factors that contribute to glyphosate and 2,4-D toxicities?

A

Inappropriate dilution of concentrations

Species sensitivities

Additives and/or contaminants

Use of structural relatives

159
Q

T/F: Atrazine is more available for use than Paraquat

A

True

160
Q

Who has a lower acute LD50 - Paraquat or atrazine?

A

Paraquat

161
Q

T/F: the target organ of atrazine is the lung, causing severe fibrosis

A

False - that would be Paraquat

Diagnostics Final (4 decks)

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