Radiology

Question 1

Plain film, CT, and mammography use ____, which travel from a source through an object imaged to a detector

Answer 1

X-rays

Question 2

The more x-rays that get to the detector, the darker the image is. This is known as

Answer 2

Radiolucent

Question 3

Higher densities show up bright white. This is known as

Answer 3

Radiopaque

Question 4

In this orientation, x-rays travel through the anterior to posterior of the patient

Answer 4

AP

Question 5

In this orientation, x-rays travel through the posterior to anterior of the patient

Answer 5

PA

Question 6

In this orientation, x-rays travel from one side of the pt to the other side of the pt

Answer 6

Lateral

Question 7

In this orientation, the pt is lying on his/her back

Answer 7

Supine

Question 8

In this orientation, the pt is lying on his/her stomach

Answer 8

Prone

Question 9

In this orientation, the pt is lying on their side

Answer 9

Decubitus

Question 10

In this orientation, the pt is standing

Answer 10

Upright

Question 11

In this orientation, the pt is not standing at 0 or 90 degrees but anywhere in between

Answer 11

Oblique

Question 12

What are the first 3 things you do when you see a film

Answer 12

1-read the name, make sure it is who you think it is
2- make sure it is the correct date
3- look for R and L labels, labeled in regard to the patient

Question 13

In cross-sectional imaging, a vertical plane from front to back

Answer 13

Sagittal

Question 14

In cross-sectional imaging, a vertical plane that divides right and left sides

Answer 14

Median Sagittal

Question 15

In cross-sectional imaging, a horizontal plane, also transverse

Answer 15

Axial

Question 16

In cross-sectional imaging, a vertical plane from head to foot parallel to shoulders

Answer 16

Coronal

Question 17

What 3 things determine magnification in radiology?

Answer 17

1-the distance of the source from the pt (closer the source, more magnification)
2-the distance of the pt from the film (further the pt from the film, more magnification)
3-the orientation of the pt (the further an organ is from the detector/film, more magnification–want the area you want imaged closest to the detector)

Question 18

These permit visualization of structures not normally visible

Answer 18

Contrast agents

Question 19

These contrast agents are used for GI studies

Answer 19

Barium, Gastrografin

Question 20

These are considered enteric contrast agents, and are dilute iodinated contrasts, often used if their is risk for perforated viscus or aspiration

Answer 20

Isovue and Omnipaque

Question 21

This contrast agent is usually given for CT intravenously. The nonionic is safer, but is also more expensive, so the ionic version is more often used. This CAN injure kidneys so it is used with caution or not used at all with diabetics, renal impaired patients, and patients with multiple myeloma

Answer 21

Iodinated contrast

Question 22

This contrast agent is used in MRI, given via IV, and is not generally harmful to the kidneys but it is still not routinely given to patients with renal impairment due to the fact that it can cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

Answer 22

Gadolinium

Question 23

This imaging modality is most often thought of when we say “x-ray” and can be used on any part of the body, is relatively cheap, and there is a lot of access to it

Answer 23

Plain film

Question 24

This imaging modality is real-time and is used for GI studies, angiography, and guidance with procedures-it also typically uses less radiation than a typical exposure

Answer 24

Fluoroscopy

Question 25

This imaging modality is more expensive, uses more radiation than plain film, but also provides more information and cross-sectional imaging, and it can also be used for guiding procedures

Answer 25

Computed Tomography (CT)

Question 26

This imaging modality uses no radiation but instead sound waves, it is less expensive than CT, and can be used for guidance in procedures, it is very operator dependent though

Answer 26

Ultrasound

Question 27

This imaging modality uses magnetic fields instead of radiation, it is loud, expensive, and less available than other modalities. It provides more info than other modalities, but is best for neuro and tissue

Answer 27

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 28

This imaging modality injects a radiotracer and images with a gamma camera, it is often physiologic, and the patient is the source

Answer 28

Nuclear medicine

Question 29

This imaging modality is frequently used in oncology and uses an injected radiotracer (FDG or rubidium) and is imaged with a scanner, it is often combined with CT

Answer 29

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 30

This imaging modality is used for breast imaging, uses radiation and compression, and is used for screening and diagnostic purposes

Answer 30

Mammography

Question 31

For a cervical spine plain film series there are usually what 5 images?

Answer 31

AP, lateral, 2 oblique, open mouth odontoid

Question 32

For a cervical spine CT, images are usually obtained ____ and then reformatted in sagittal and coronal planes

Answer 32

axially

Question 33

For a cervical spine MRI, what orientations are usually used?

Answer 33

Sagittal and axial-sometimes coronal

Question 34

What is the rule for prevertebral soft tissues in a lateral c spine?

Answer 34

5 at 2, 22 at 5

Question 35

For a thoracic spine plain film series, what 3 orientations are typically used?

Answer 35

AP, lateral, Swimmers

Question 36

For a lumbar spine plain film series, what 3 orientations are typically used?

Answer 36

AP, lateral, and cone down lateral

Question 37

In the lumbar spine, what orientation is used to see the "scotty dog" to view a spondylolysis?

Answer 37

Oblique

Question 38

The neck of "scotty dog" is often a location of stress fractures and spondylolysis, this area is called

Answer 38

pars interarticularis

Question 39

An outgrowth of bone that lacks an ossification center is an

Answer 39

apophysis

Question 40

the midportion or shaft of a bone, formed from primary ossification centers

Answer 40

diaphysis

Question 41

the flared part of the diaphysis that extends to the epiphysis

Answer 41

metaphysis

Question 42

the growth plate of a long bone

Answer 42

epiphyseal plate

Question 43

from the secondary ossification centers, end of bone

Answer 43

epiphysis

Question 44

a bone within a tendon

Answer 44

sesamoid

Question 45

hard fibrous connective tissue membrane investing bone

Answer 45

periosteum

Question 46

compact outer bone

Answer 46

cortex

Question 47

inner spongy core that contains bone marrow

Answer 47

medullary cavity

Question 48

For the upper extremity, what imaging modality is used after trauma (fracture, dislocation), pain, arthritis, tumor, infection

Answer 48

Plain film

Question 49

For the upper extremity, what imaging modality is better for bony detail, fracture, some masses

Answer 49

CT

Question 50

For the upper extremity, what imaging modality is for an occult fracture (scaphoid, elbow, hip), infection, mass (esp. soft tissue), ligament or tendon injury

Answer 50

MRI

Question 51

For the upper extremity, what is used for a work-up of tumor, infection

Answer 51

Nuclear medicine bone scan

Question 52

What views are used for a shoulder image? 3

Answer 52

AP internally rotated, AP externally rotated, Scapular Y

Question 53

What view is essentially lateral, and should show the humeral head in the glenoid overlapping on the image

Answer 53

Scapular Y view

Question 54

In an MRI, the fluid is ____ and the fat is ___. The muscles are ___ and tendons are___

Answer 54

Dark; bright. Gray; black

Question 55

What are the views of an elbow image? 3

Answer 55

AP, lateral (elbow at 90 degrees), and oblique

Question 56

What are important to check on the anterior and posterior lateral views of an elbow image?

Answer 56

Fat pads

Question 57

Radiopaque shows up

Answer 57

whiter

Question 58

Radioluscent shows up

Answer 58

darker

Question 59

What are the 3 views of a wrist image?

Answer 59

AP, lateral, oblique

Question 60

Scaphoid fractures often occult on a plain film, but are considered a fracture clinically because they are located in the ____, which makes them hard to truly visualize

Answer 60

Anatomic snuffbox

Question 61

What are the 3 views of a hand image?

Answer 61

AP, oblique, and lateral views

Question 62

In imaging modalities for soft tissue neck, what is limited but often used for epiglottitis and croup?

Answer 62

Plain film

Question 63

For soft tissue of the neck, what imaging modality is used for thyroid, detection of cystic mass in children, the carotid artery, and the jugular vein

Answer 63

Ultrasound

Question 64

For soft tissue of the neck, what imaging modality is used (with radioactive iodine) to view thyroid and parathyroid

Answer 64

Nuclear medicine

Question 65

For soft tissue of the neck, what imaging modality is used in staging head/neck cancers?

Answer 65

PET/CT

Question 66

What imaging modality injects the salivary gland ducts to check for stones or strictures, but is relatively uncommon?

Answer 66

Sialography

Question 67

What is used to detect a swallowing abnormality or mass?

Answer 67

Barium swallow

Question 68

The thyroid gland is usually imaged by what 3 modalities?

Answer 68

US, CT, nuclear medicine

Question 69

The parathyroid is usually imaged by what modality mainly?

Answer 69

Nuclear medicine

Question 70

The parotid gland is best imaged by

Answer 70

CT

Question 71

The airway is best visualized ____, but imaging can be used to see nearby structures, a primary mass, or lymph node

Answer 71

visual examination/endoscopy

Question 72

The lymph nodes are imaged mainly using

Answer 72

CT

Question 73

The ____ separates the parotid gland into deep and superficial portions

Answer 73

retromandibular vein

Question 74

The carotid bifurcation, internal carotid artery are initially imaged using ____, and may be followed up by ____

Answer 74

ultrasound; CTA or MRA