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FINALS!!! > Radiology revision notes > Flashcards

Radiology revision notes Flashcards

1
Q

Tube head components

A

filament - cathode, negativel y chaged, step down trasnformer, low voltage and high current
targert - anode - postively charges - converst electrons to photons
target surround - copper heat conductor
spacer - beam aiming device - focus to skin distance
colliamator - lead, fewer rejects, reduces doses and improves quality
evacapeted glass envelope
filtration - aliuminum - allows high energy electrons through

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2
Q

Non epithelium cysts

A

solitary bone cysts
stafne bone cavity

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3
Q

Stafne bne canvity

A

aymptomatic
occurs in the mandible at the angle just below the inferior dental nerve canal
radiolucnecy, round oval and well defined

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4
Q

Solitary bone cysts

A

occurs in premolar region in mandible
painless and symptomatic
radioloucyent with well defined scalloped margins, can resolve without treatment

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5
Q

non odontogenic cysts

A

nasoplataine cyst - occurs at the naso palatine duct area, asymptomatic
remanacy of nasopalatine duct
males more than females
enlarged swelling nin anterior region of apalte
well defined and rond/ heart shapaed
lined by non stratified squamous epithelim and respiratory/cuboidal epithelium

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6
Q

Odontogenic inflammatory cysts

A

radicular cysts
residualr cysts
inflammataory collaiteral cysts - aradental and mandibular buccal bifurcation cysts

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7
Q

Residualr cysts

A

a ondotongenic inflammaorty cyst that remains after the removal of a tooth in the jaw

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8
Q

Radiuclar cysts

A

most commmon in anon vital tooth
inflammation of apical - casuing apical periodontitis
mainly maxillar and normal lateral incosors
watery straw fluid colour or semi solid broownish

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9
Q

Radicular cysts

A

epithelial rests of malassez from root sheath of hertwig

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10
Q

Histopathology of radicular cysts

A

lining is non keratinsied squamous epithelium lining
deposits of cholesterol and granualtion tissue
vascular capsule
inflammotry infiltrate

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11
Q

Paradental cysts

A

associated with pe erupting 3rd molar in manidble
normally assocaited with repeated cases of peroconritits
well defined radioloucy at the neck of tooth andcornoal third of root
cysts distince from follicular space

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12
Q

Manidbular buccal bifurcation cysts

A

childhood and eruption of 1st and 2nd molars
depp perio pockets present and tooth tilted buccally
squamous cell lining present like in a radiuclar cysts

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13
Q

inflammatory colateral cysts

A

occur in vital teeth of pe or erupting teeth usually buccally

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14
Q

non ondontogenic cysts

A

nasopaltine cyst
nasolabial cysts
median cyst
globulo maxiallry cyst

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15
Q

Developmental odontogenic cysts

A

dtergerious cysts
odontogenic keratocytes
calcifiying odontogenic cyss
lateral periodontal cysts
glandular cysts
eruption cysts
Basal naevus syndrome
Gingival cysts

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16
Q

Eruption cysts

A

occur on an area of soft tissue mass over where an erupting tooth is erupting into place
mainly decidous incisors and permanent molars
tx - surgical excision

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17
Q

Dentigerous cysts

A

arised from the reduced enamel epithelium
a cyst which encaptuales an uerupted or partial erupted tooth and attaches to cej
round avoid appearaced
most common 3rd molars, maxiallry canines maxially 8’s and then lower 2nd premolars
males more than females
free from inflammation
non kertanised epitheium, thinand regular

tx - enculeation with asscoaited tooth or malsuprisation if large

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18
Q

Lateral periodontal cysts

A

uniloclualr
lateral surface of root of a tooththat has erupted
canines and premolars in lower and anterior in upper

tx - enulceation

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19
Q

Gingival cysts

A

most comonly occur before <3months in neonates
children white kerathosis seen = bohn’s nodules or epistein pearls

adults - rae, thin bluish swelling within attached ging

Tx - excional to carry out biopsy

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20
Q

Calcifying cysts

A

anterior jaw
<40years
radiopque fleck due to calficied material present
ghost cells present within capsule casuing calcification

tx - enucleation as recurrence rae

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21
Q

Glandular cysts

A

mandible or anterior maxialla
assocaited with roots of tooth, root resoprtion adn toth dispalcement commone
recurrence rate high after enulceation
well defined scalooped margins

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22
Q

Odontogenic keratocysts

A

arises from the rests of serres in the dental lamina remnants
high risk of recurrence
no inflammation
caspule contains fibrous tissue
can contain daught cells

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23
Q

Basal cell neavus syndrome

A

autoosomal domoina
multiple odontogenic keratocysts preent and basal celll carcinoma
abnormalities of ca and po4

facial - mandibular prognthasmim, frontal and temporaorital bossing, hpertelorism

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24
Q

Contributes to radiation dose

A

cosmic rays
medical rays
gamma radation
radioactive radon gas from ground

25
radiiology lesilation
ionisig radaition regulation 2017 ionising radiation medical exposure regulation 2017 (just for patient saftety only)
26
annual radiation dise
2.7mSv
27
Doses for xray fils
PA = 4milliSv ceph = 14mill Sv panoral = 20 milli sv cbct = 50-100milli sv
28
Pricnicples of radiation
dose limitation justification ALARP
29
Roles in IRR17
operator - prson who carries out taking the xray referrer - person who refers the pt for the xray indiating clincal reasoning to allow practioner to justify exam practioner person who ensures as low as possible for patient and justifaction to be given Radiation protection advisoer - expert report on ensure ioningig radiation regulation re followed, and adviced radiation protection superisor - ensure that legal requirments and good practice are followed medical physic expers - can provide info on the physics behind the radiation exposure to pt and taken the xrays
30
Faults to film
black film = film bent brown spots - inaqaute fixing time crazed pattern - dried too quickyl over heat source fading image - inadequate fixing time faint image -d eveloper solution too weak, temp too low black spots - splashing with fixer before developer crystal present - insufiifcent washing after fixing
31
Cone cutting why-
incorrect assembly of the receptor holder incorrect allignment of receptor and tube head incorrect orietation of rectangular collimator
32
Film speed
the speed required to allow enough xray exposure to produce an image depends on the number of hallide crystals the larger the hallide crysal the faster film speed but pooer image quality
33
Stages of film processing
developing - converts senstisited crystal to silver pataches washing - removes any residual fixer solution developing - removes non senstised crystal and hardens emulsion washing - removes any resifual fixer solution drying - removes any mositure and water content
34
Adv./dis of digital films
advatanges - can sotres many on computer, easily trasnfereed, low exposure time, eaasy back up of images, no processing faults dis - need speaclised computer for diagnositic reading which is expensive, poor pixel quality when printed out, potential loss of data, risk o fpixelation
35
CBCT vs CT
CBCT - cone shaped, does not require ionising radiatin, not great for soft tissue, pt standing up, quicker to take, low dose CT - fan shaped, shows soft tissues better, higher dose, takes longer totake, pt horixzonta , requires ioodinsiing contrast to be used
36
MRI vs CT
MRI - shows soft tissue easily, has no radiation expsure, no contracts required takes a long tim, clasutrpophia, metallic things in body, nosiy for pt CT - requires ionisdaing radiation exposure, cntrast, more for tumours, blood vessels, flashing noise adn sound quicker, small ring so reduced calasutrophbia
37
safety controlled area
2m a saftety ring around the pt where no person should go while the xray is being taken
38
Cervical burnout
a radiolucnecy that appears at the cervical area of a tooth due to just being dentine present at the cervical portion and mimics root caries
39
Faults
<90 degrees = elongates the tooth >90 degrees = shortens the tooth vertical/horizontal distortion - the pt moved molars larger on one side = head rotated and bt not being symmertical on the bite peg anterior area out of focus - pt too far back in the machine - canine behind guidance marker posterior horizontally wider -pt roated in the machine
40
Ghost images
second image of something in the wrong place higher due to negaative beaam angulation radiopaque can interfere with diagnosis horizontally projected andmagnied change in aterior - posterioer position - suually further forwards
41
Ghost image produced
the xray tube head starts posteriorl ad the rba is directed to the opposite tmj region, as it moves round when it gets to the premolar region the image is created from a more posterior region and therefore any ghost images are anterioly produced higher placement as negative beam angualtion radiopaque interefers with diagnosis horizotnoally maginifed and projected tends to be more anterio-postieorr positioned
42
parallelin tech
the image receptor is heald parallel to the the long axis of the tooth the xray beam is directd perpendicular to the long axis of tooth the image is the same size no coning off no disotortiong howver can cause divergent xray beaams and magnifcation due to distance between the xray recptior and tooth use focus to skin distance at 20cm the ensure to help with divergent beams`
43
bisecting angle techingque
the angulation of the long axis of the tooth is determined the xray receptor bisects at right angles to this can be doen withoutxray holder
44
Curve of monsoon
affects vertical angulation cusp tips of posterior in frontal plane
45
curve of sppe
natural curvature in dentitision when the cclusion vied in saggital plane
46
Reduce radiation to pt
rectangular collimator f spped film justifaction alarp focus to skin distance at 20cm film holders and beam aiing device incrase kvp
47
odontogenic tumours
arise from the remaining tooth tisuue cells that remain in the jaw
48
Ameloblastoma
epithelium only - odontogenic neoplasm a soap bubble appearnce on xrays occurs mainly in the posterio manidble follicular - islands of epithelium plexiform - single strands of epithelium no internal capsule prsent so easily spreads and thereofre recurrence is high islands contain stellate reticulum with on its perpihery columnasr cells nuclia away from the basement mmebrane abudentl cytoplasm tx - enucleation with some removal of surrounding helahty tissue , cannot be radiotreated as does not work
49
calcifying epithelium odnotigenic tuours
epithelium only benign epithelium tumour occurs in posterior mandible also called pindborg tumour arreas of radioilucy mixed with calicification pleomoprihc epithelium and calcification present
50
odontomes
epithelium and mesenchmye together hamartomas - resemble local tooth tissue complex - irregular mass of hard tissue - manidble posterior compound - denticles in a sac - anterior maxillary contain, ameloblasts, odontoblasts and cementoblasts and eventuallyhard tissue forms failure of eruption of a nearby tooth tx - surgical enulceation
51
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour
epithelium only asscoated with an impeded eruption unilocular haematroma fisbour caspure surrounds anterior region f>m
52
Odontogenic myoxma
mesechnyme only bening meschnyme tumour no internal apsule or epithelium manidble common multilocular soap like appearance myoid tissue with stellate and fibrous tissue tx - block resection
53
Cementoblastoma
meschenyme only true neoplasm occurs in vital teeth that are extruded or painful radiodense suround by a radiolucent rimm rooots of lower 1st molar common
54
PA of mandible
cysts and path mandibular fractures facial deformity
55
lateral ceph
pituatry foosa facial fracture sphenoid fossa
56
pituatry fossa
57
occipitomental view
cornal 1/3 fractures middle 1/3 fractures
58
submentvertex
craniail pathology zygomaticr arch fractures

FINALS!!! (20 decks)

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