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Question 1

For which enzymes in the TCA cycle is NAD a cofactor?

Answer 1

Isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and malate dehydrogenases

Question 2

What is the underlying mechanism behind zenker diverticulum?

Answer 2

cricopharyngeal motor dysfunction–> increased oropharyngeal intraluminal pressure–> herniation of the pharyngeal mucosa through a zone of muscle weakness

Question 3

What kind of a brain tumor has a positive synaptophysin stain?

Answer 3

One of neuronal origin

Question 4

What are the satiety hormones?

Answer 4

Leptin, Neuropeptide Y, POMC, alpha-MSh

Question 5

Which test is most specific for acute cholecystitis?

Answer 5

Failed gallbladder visualization on radionuclide biliary scan

Question 6

What does a souther blot measure? Northern Blot? Western? Southwestern?

Answer 6

Southern: DNA
Northern: mRNA
Western: protein
Southwestern: DNA-bound proteins

Question 7

What is synthesized in the smooth ER? Which cells contain a large amount of smooth ER?

Answer 7

steroids and phospholipids

steroid-producing cells: adrenals, gonads, liver

Question 8

What is synthesized in the rough ER? Which cells contain a large amount of rough ER?

Answer 8

secretory, lysosomal, and integral membrane proteins

Question 9

Why is urinary citrate important? In what state is it reduced?

Answer 9

Prevents calculi by binding to free Ca

More citrate is by the kidneys in chronic metabolic acidosis

Question 10

Why does antibiotic use cause candida overgrowth?

Answer 10

kills off the normal gram positive lactobacilli

Question 11

What do M cells in the intestine do?

Answer 11

Sample gut lumen content and transfer it to the basal side where macrophages and lymphocytes are ready to mount an immune response

Question 12

Where are paneth cells? what do they do?

Answer 12

Base of intestinal crypts

Phagocytize and secret lysozyme and defensins

Question 13

What part of the bone is affected in hematogenous osteomyelitis? Age group?

Answer 13

metaphysis

young children

Question 14

What are the steps that cause insulin release with increased glucose?

Answer 14

Glucose goes into the pancreatic cell via GLUT2, causing glycolysis and TCA cycle to start up and produce ATP, which binds the K+ channel and stops efflux. The membrane depolarizes, opening calcium channels–> insulin release

Question 15

What is the most serious complication of digoxin toxicity?

Answer 15

cardiac arrhythmias

Question 16

What causes congenital toticollis?

Answer 16

malposition of the head in utero or birth trauma

Question 17

Which diuretic improves survival in patients with CHF and reduced LV ejection fraction?

Answer 17

Mineralocorticoids (spironolactone)

Question 18

What happens as a result of fermentation of undigested lactose by gut bacteria in lactose intolerance?

Answer 18

Increased Hydrogen gas production(increased breath hydrogen content) and decreased stool pH

Question 19

What are normal age-related changes to the pulmonary function tests?

Answer 19

Decreased elastic recoil–> increased residual volume and decreased FEV1
Increased rib calcification and stiffening cancels out the decreased elastic recoil, leading to unchanged TLC

Question 20

What are the symptoms of lung infection with cryptococcus neoformans?

Answer 20

Usually ASYMPTOMATIC, but can lead to scant sputum production, dyspnea, or pleuritic chest pain.
meningoencephalitis

Question 21

How can fructose, glucose, and galactose be detected in the urine?

Answer 21

Copper reduction test- reducing sugars

Question 22

What is the difference in myelin degradation between the CNS and PNS?

Answer 22

CNS takes years to remove myelin debris

PNS clears it quickly by recruiting macrophages

Question 23

How does TNF-alpha cause insulin resistance?

Answer 23

Activation of serine kinase which phosphorylates serine residues and prevents downstream signaling needed to get GLUT4 on the surface