Random Flashcards
(311 cards)
Three lactose fermenting bacteria
EEK!! E Coli Enterobacter Klebsiella Lactose fermenting organisms turn Mackonkey Agar Pink
First Line Treatment for Giardia Lamblia?
Metronidazole
Parasitic microorganism transmitted by sandflies responsible for: Fever Splenomegaly Less commonly for: Hepatomegaly Skin hyperpgimentation and dry warty skin Pancytopenia
Leishmaniasis Forms include: Cutaneous (Itchy scaly papule with associated local lymphadenopathy leaving a depigmented scar behind). Caused by: L. Major and L. Tropica Mucocutaneous Visceral Organisms within the family include: L. Donovani L. Infantum L. Chagasi Culture medium: Novy-Macneal-Nicolle Medium
Three Stages of Lyme Disease Management of Lyme Disease Organism
- Erythema Migrans 2. PEACH: Peripheral Neuropathy, Erythema Migrans, Arthritis, Craniel Nerve Palsies and Heart Block 3. Persistent Arthritis and chronic encephalitis! Treated with doxycycline Borrelia Burgdorferi
BCG Vaccine constituent? Efficacy?
Live attenuated form of mycobacterium bovis Thought to be very effective at preventing severe childhood tb but there is little evidence for its efficacy in adulthood.
Risk factors for pulmonary TB re-activation
Malnutrition Immunocompromise (in particular biologics interfering with macrophage function) Alcohol Excess Aging
Gold standard for diagnosing TB
Lowenstein Jensen Medium (Takes 6 weeks to culture though so clinicians have begun using PCR due to its more rapid turn around time)
How many weeks after initiating anti-TB therapy should culture positive sputum samples be concerning and why?
8-10 weeks MDR-TB (Resistance to Rifampicin and Isoniazid) XDR-TB (Resistance to Rif and INA alongside, moxifloxacin and injectables (kanamycin and amikacin)
Top cause of adult bacterial meningitis in the UK Points about the organisim
Neisseria Meningitidis Gram Negative Cocci IV Ceftriaxone in hospital/ Oral Benzylpenicillin immediately if in GP Encapsulated organism so those with hyposplenism are more at risk
Which serotypes of haemophilus influenzae are vaccinated against?
Type B The clinical relevance are that despite this vaccine people will still become sick with meningitis etc. from other serotypes.
Pregnancy associated meningitis in neonates. Two causes
E. Coli Listeria Monocytogenes
Fungal causes of meningitis
Cryptococcus Neoformans Candida Sps. Coccidoides Immitis Histoplasma Capsulatum Blastomyces Dermatidis
Which Neisseria Meningitidis Strains can be vaccinated against?
A B C Y W135
Most common cause of viral (aseptic) meningitis?
Enterovirus (Coxsackie) Echovirus
Most common cause of viral encephalitis?
Coxsackie-2 But we are worried about Herpes Simplex Virus - this cuases long term neurological sequalae in 1/4
Causes of viral encephalitis?
Coxsackie HSV Togavirus Flavivirus Bunyavirus
Causes of bacterial encephalitis?
Listeria Monocytogenes
Causes of amoebic encephalitis?
Naegleria Fowleri Acanthamoeba Species Balamuthi Mandrillaris
Imaging modality of choice for suspected brain abscess/
MRI (best) Contrast CT Scan Imagining in suspected brain infections is to rule out anatomical problems i.e. Raised ICP
What would point you towards a HSV encephalitis on an MRI scan?
Temporal lobe inflammation Enteroviruses hone towards different and more widely distributed brain regions
India Ink Stain?
Cryptococcus Neoformans
CSF Analysis: Low Glucose High WCC (polymorphic) Organisms? Treatment?
Bacterial Meningitis: Neisseria Meningitidis Streptococcus Pneumonia Haemophilus Influenza Listeria Monocytogenes (Immunocompromised) Ceftriaxone Corticosteroids Ampicillin - If >50 for Listeria
CSF Analysis: Normal GLucose High WCC (mononuclear) Organisms? Treatment?
Viral/ Aseptic Meningitis: Coxsackie Virus Echovirus Herpes Simplex virus Supportive but if HSV is suspected then Acyclovir
CSF Analysis: Low/Normal Glucose High Protein High WCC (Mononuclear)
TB / Cryptococcus TB: 12 months of anti-TB therapy Cryptococcus: Amphotericin B + Flucytosine, followed by Fluconazole