Random Flashcards
what is the clinical significance of dry mucous membranes/thirst
decreased saliva production.
osmoreceptors detecting hypovolaemia will trigger a feeling of thirst.
what is the clinical significance of tongue furrows
In dehydration,a tongue will have more then the usual one long furrow and the tongue will appear smaller due to fluid loss.
why do people have sunken eyes
as a result of decreased intra-ocular pressure
what can you use for a must score if you cant use height
ulna length (forearm)
what do distended veins vs flat veins indicate
distended-fluid overload
flat-decreased plasma volume
why should you asess the internal jugular venous pressure on the right arm
as it is directly on route to the right atrium
what is the clinical significance of reduced capillary refill time?
2-3 seconds= mild fluid deficit
excess of 3 seconds-severe fluid defects
what happens in peripheral shutdown due to cold
capillary refill slows down irrespective of fluid status.
what will reduced intersistical and intracellular fluid do to skin
reduce skin elasticity
as a result of renin /angiotensin cycle what will hypovolaemia result in with regards to temp and colour
cool peripheral temperature and pale skin colour
whats the significance of dark urine colour
hypovolaemia will trigger release of anti diuretic hormone, leading to more concentrated urine.
what makes patients with liver disease urine dark
bilburin
why do people get oedema
Oedema happens as a result of movement of fluid into intersistical spaces.
this can be a result of fluid excess and/ or reduced levels of plasma proteins.
A consequent decrease in intravascular fluid may lead to a drop in blood pressure.
how much urine should the body produce
1ml of urine per kg of body weight per hr.
acceptable urine output in the critically ill patient is 0.5 mls urine per kg per hour.
what is eclampsia
when convulsions/seizures occur in a pregnant women suffering from high blood pressure and high amounts of protein in urine. this is then usually followed by a coma, otherwise it is just pre eclampsia but it must be considered eclampsia until proven otherwise.
whats the blood test for pregnancy
beta hcg- human chorionic gonadtropin
what is the manchester triage system and how long can each category wait
consists of 53 flow charts (6 for children)
patients seen immediately category red
patients in orange can wait up to 10 mins
yellow can wait up to an hour
green can wait up to 2 hours
blue can wait up to 4 hours
give examples of each category in the manchester triage system
red=air way compromised/shock/inadequate breathing
orange-severe pain/cardiac pain/abnormal pulse/SOB
yellow-pleuretic pain/persistent vomiting/significant cardiac history/moderate pain
green=vomiting/recent mild pain/recent problem
blue=none of above
what are the nerve endings that pain travel through
C fibres, A delta fibres and A beta fibres
describe C fibres
smaller diameter efferents
unmyelinated
slow conducting fibres
conduct poorly localised , dull, aching stimuli.
describe A delta fibres
large diameter efferents myelinated fast conducting fibres transmit well localised sharp stimuli permit precise localisation and description of sensation do not have opiate receptors.
describe A beta fibres
fastest conducting of all
carry feelings of touch
localised on skins surface
what is the disability distress asessment tool called
DISDAT
what is the first pass effect
when drugs absorbed from the digestive tract pass through the liver
