Random Facts

Question 1

MC form of CA?

Answer 1

Metastatic Disease

Question 2

What is Metastatic Disease?

Answer 2

Cancer that develops from somewhere else in the body.

Question 3

What percentage of malignancies come from Metastatic Disease?

Answer 3

75%

Question 4

What is the MC primary malignant tumor in adults?

Answer 4

Multiple Myeloma

Question 5

Where does multiple myeloma originate from?

Answer 5

bone

Question 6

what is the MC primary malignant tumor in kids?

Answer 6

osteosarcoma

Question 7

where does an osteosarcoma originate from?

Answer 7

bone

Question 8

What is the MC benign osseous tumor?

Answer 8

osteochondroma

Question 9

what is the MC benign spinal tumor?

Answer 9

hemangioma

Question 10

what is the MC tumor of bone, that does not originate in the bone?

Answer 10

Leukemia

Question 11

What type of marrow do tumors MC grow in?

Answer 11

red bone marrow

Question 12

where is red marrow located?

Answer 12

axial skeleton. – when we are born, all bones contain red marrow, as we age, it changes to yellow (fatty marrow). The change begins in the hands and feet.

Question 13

what does neoplasia mean?

Answer 13

new, uncontrolled growth of cells.

Question 14

Most bone neoplasia have a certain predilection to involve certain areas of body, what are those areas?

Answer 14

1. Hemopoietic tissue ( red blood cell forming tissue)
2. notochordal remnants
3. areas of rapid bone growth
4. abundance of interosseous nerves

Question 15

what is the only type of tumor to form in the end of the bone (the epiphyseal region)

Answer 15

chondroblastoma

Question 16

3 types of bone destruction

Answer 16

1. geographic
2. moth-eaten
3. permeative

Question 17

Which types of bone destruction indicate a malignant tumor?

Answer 17

Moth-eaten and permeative

Question 18

What are the characteristics of geographic bone destruction? (5)

Answer 18

1. least aggressive pattern
2. usually a solitary lesion > 1cm
3. indicative of a slow growing lesion
4. short zone of transition
5. margin is well defined, can be smooth or lobulated

NOTE: if a geographic is not well defined, it may be aggressive and malignant. If it is well defined, it is a “leave me alone”

Question 19

Characteristics of Moth-eaten bone pattern (4)

Answer 19

1. moderate degree of aggressiveness
2. numerous small holes (2-5 mm)
3. *longer zone of transition ( geographic pattern has short)
4. margins are not well defined ( geographic lesions are well defined)

Question 20

Characteristics of Permeative Bone Destruction (4)

Answer 20

1. Most aggressive growing lesion
2. numerous small holes (1 mm)– moth eaten has larger holes.
3. wide zone of transition
4. poorly demarcated or imperceptible boarders

Question 21

Cortical changes that indicate a tumor (5)

Answer 21

1. buttressing/ thickening
2. endosteal scalloping
3. splitting or tunneling
4. thinning with or without expansion
5. penetration with or without periosteal reaction

Question 22

Patterns of Periosteal Reactions (5)

Answer 22

1. buttressing
2. single layer
3. multiple layer (onion skinning)
4. spiculated
5. Codman’s triangle

Question 23

What is the most aggressive form of periosteal reactions?

Answer 23

Codman’s Triangle

Question 24

What is a complex periosteal reaction?

Answer 24

has multiple types of periosteal reactions happening.

Question 25

What is buttressing?- what is it's AKA, what type of lesion is it associated with?

Answer 25

Buttressing Periosteal Reaction: AKA solid periosteal reaction. - when additional layers of new bone are ADDED to the exterior, creating an expanded osseous contour. - usually associated with SLOW growing lesions.

Question 26

What are Laminated/Layered/ Onion skin Periosteal Reactions?

Answer 26

- multiple layers of new layers of bone - alternating layers of lucency and opacity with growth - can be thin or thick.

Question 27

What type of lesion is a Laminated reaction associated with?

Answer 27

Can be seen with slow or aggressive lesions. | Commonly assiciated with Ewing's sarcoma

Question 28

What type of lesion is classically associated with Ewing's Sarcoma?

Answer 28

Laminated lesion

Question 29

What is a Spiculated lesion, and what is it commonly associated with?

Answer 29

when perpendicular to bone: "hair on end" when radiating from a single point: "sunburst -often associated with highly aggressive lesions like Osteosarcoma

Question 30

What is Codman's Triangle, and what is it commonly associated with?

Answer 30

triangular elevation of periosteum seen at the peripheral lesion-cortex junction. - it is one of the most aggressive forms of periosteal reactions - may also be seen with benign tumors, infections or other disorders.

Question 31

What are the 6 Categories of a Tumor Matrix?

Answer 31

1. osseous 2. fibrous 3. vascular 4. muscular 5. cartilaginous 6. other

Question 32

Which types of tumor matrix will look like a hole in the bone on xray?

Answer 32

firbous, vascular, muscular, cartilaginous. | all types but osseous, because that will just look like bone

Question 33

What are the tumors with a cartilage matrix?

Answer 33

1. enchondroma 2. osteochondroma 3. chondroblastoma 4. chrondomyxoid fibroma 5. chondrosarcoma

Question 34

what are the 3 types of appearances that cartilaginous tumors can have?

Answer 34

1. ring or arc like (c-shape inside a hole in bone) 2. flocculent--combo of rings and dots 3. small crystals--white dots