random facts

Question 1

what does haemofiltration do

Answer 1

removes certain proteins from the blood by passing them through a filter

Question 2

haemodialysis

Answer 2

transfers electrolytes via an osmotic gradient to purify blood

Question 3

is post streptococcal glomerulonephritis nephritic or nephrotic

Answer 3

nephiritc - oedema, proteinuria + haematuria

Question 4

is minmal change nephropathy nephrotic or nephritic?

Answer 4

nephrotic

Question 5

which type of fistulae can result in DHIS / steal syndrome? which artery is most commonly involved?

Answer 5

AV fistulae

brachial artery

Question 6

what is tamulosin

Answer 6

• alpha blocker

- begins to work within a few days to relieve symptoms of BPH

Question 7

what is finasteride

Answer 7

• 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
• ## effective in BPH but take 3-6 months to have an effect

Question 8

what is oxybutyin

Answer 8

• anticholinergic

- helps with symptoms of overactive bladder

Question 9

what is sildenafil

Answer 9

• viagra

- PDE-5 inhibitor

Question 10

what are some risk factors for stress incontinence?

Answer 10

increasing age
traumatic vaginal delivery 
obesity
previous pelvic surgery 
(all increased intra-abdo pressure)

Question 11

which patients are usually seen to have overflow incontinence?

Answer 11

men with BPH

Question 12

what is the furham nuclear grade used for?

Answer 12

clear cell renal carcinoma

Question 13

which scrotum does a varicocele usually affect? left or right

Answer 13

left due to increased resistacne to flow (left gonadal veins drain into the left renal vein whereas the right gonadal veins drain directly into the IVC)

Question 14

cause of epidydymo-orchitis in <35s

Answer 14

STI eg n gonnorhoea

Question 15

cause of epidydmo-orchitis in >35s

Answer 15

E. coli eg GI tract infection

Question 16

classic finding of epidydymo-orchitis on clinical examination

Answer 16

the alleviation of pain upon elevation of the testes

Question 17

classic triad of renal cell carcinoma

Answer 17

haematuria
loin pain
loin mass

Question 18

gold standard for diagnosis of renal / ureteric caliculi

Answer 18

non-contrast CT

Question 19

initial management option for rhabdomyolysis?

Answer 19

IV fluids –> to promote renal clearance of released inrtacellular muscle toxins

Question 20

which condition do you find magnesium carbonate stones (struvite) in?

Answer 20

UTI

Question 21

what are blood and urine results in testicular torsion?

Answer 21

normal

Question 22

which lesions are seen in diabetic nephropathy

Answer 22

kimmelsteil-wilson nodulse

Question 23

what are kimmelsteil-wilson nodules?

Answer 23

seen in diabetic nephrophaty

nodules of hyaline material that build up in the glomerulus

Question 24

which chromosome and genes are affected in ADPKD

Answer 24

PDK1 on chromosome 16

or less likely PDK2 on chromosome 4

Question 25

which type of infections are associated with IgA nephropahty

Answer 25

mucosal infections eg sore throat

Question 26

what does peyronies disease look like?

Answer 26

curved penis

Question 27

what investigation must you carry out in order to do a prostate biopsy?

Answer 27

transrectal ultrasound biopsy

Question 28

which kind of crystals are envelope shaped?

Answer 28

calcium oxalate crystals

Question 29

what are the symptoms of a testicular appendage torsion?

Answer 29

pea size lump in the upper pole of the testis which occurs over 24 hours

Question 30

describe yolk sac tumours?

Answer 30

<4 years mucinous tumour which contains schiller-duval bodies which resemble primitive glomeruli AFP is secreted by these tumours

Question 31

what is the first line investigation in any prostate condition

Answer 31

PSA

Question 32

what do urodynamics asses?

Answer 32

extent of the obstruction caused by an enlarged prostate

Question 33

what is the next investigation after PSA levels for an enlarged prostate?

Answer 33

USS

Question 34

when should urinalysis be carried out?

Answer 34

when there are symptoms of a UTI

Question 35

what is paraphimosis?

Answer 35

affects uncircumcised males when foreskin can no longer be pulled forward over the tip of the penis --> foreksin stuck and swollen and no blood flow to tip of penis - can be caused by catheterisation

Question 36

what is peyronies disease?

Answer 36

caused by scar tissue, called plaque, that forms inside the penis results in a bent erect penis

Question 37

what is phimosis?

Answer 37

inability to retract the foreskin | may appear as a tight ring or rubber band of foreskin around the tip of the penis preventing full retraction

Question 38

who gets phimosis

Answer 38

<20 males

Question 39

what does recurring UTIs in males strongly suggest?

Answer 39

chronic bacterial prostatitis caused by E coli

Question 40

what is the gold standard investigation for bladder cancer?

Answer 40

cystoscopy

Question 41

what is the gold standard investigation for renal stones?

Answer 41

CT KUB

Question 42

do most renal stones present with microscopic haematuria? true or false

Answer 42

true - so do urine dip stick

Question 43

to which group of lymph nodes do the testes drain?

Answer 43

para-aortic nodes

Question 44

cystitis vs pyelonephritis

Answer 44

cystitis - infection of bladder, contained and so no fever pyelonephritis - infection of upper urinary tract - fevers, chills + pain, confusion or urinary retention

Question 45

how does a high sodium diet lead to renal stone formation?

Answer 45

causes increased calcium secretion - hypercalcuria - stone formation

Question 46

IgA nephropahty vs post-streptococcal glomerulonephrtisi in terms of how many days post infection

Answer 46

IgA - macroscopic haematuria few days after upper viral RTI post-strep - 1-2 weeks after infection