Random Household Poisons Flashcards
(42 cards)
What is Xylitol and its mechanism of action? how do animals get poisoned?
5 carbon sugar alcohol (low cal sugar)
common with ingestion of baked good, gum, candy, toothpaste
stimulates massive release of insulin from pancreas = sudden severe hypoglycaemia
mechanism of hepatic necrosis is unknown
What are the clinical signs of xylitol poisoning?
hypoglycemia within 10-60min
- vomiting, weakness, ataxia, tremors, seizures
hepatic damage 9-72 hours (can occur without hypoglycemia)
- vomiting, depression, lethargy, abdominal tenderness, icterus, petechial/ecchymotic hemorrhage, melena, hepatic encephalopathy
- elevated liver enzymes, hyperbilirubinemia, increase clotting times, electrolyte derangement
What is the Dx of xylitol poisoning?
hypoglycemia + clinical signs
hepatic failure + clin path
diffuse hepatic necrosis + biliary hyperplasia
What is the treatment of xylitol poisoning?
decontam if approp + cathartic
prophylactic oral sugar supplementation
IV dextrose if hypoglycemic (25% bolus followed by 2.5-5% in fluids for 12-48 hours)
hourly blood glucose for 24+ hours, monitor electrolytes (K), liver function for 72hours
hepatic protectants and antioxidants (vits K, C and E)
What is the prognosis of xylitol poisoning?
generally good except with liver failure
What is the common outcome of grapes/raisin ingestion? Whats the toxic agent? toxic dose?
renal failure
toxic agent not identified
usually large amounts, but can be as low as 3mg raisins/kg
50% unaffected but some with previous ingestion (no signs) are affected later
What are the clinical signs from grapes/raisins?
vomiting within 2-6 hours
diarrhea, anorexia, lathargy, abdominal pain
at 12-24hours
- azotemia
- increase Ca/P
- oliguria/anuria
- proteinuria with granular cysts
What is the Dx for grapes/raisins?
ARF (clinpath/urinalysis) 12-72h after exposure
proximal renal tubule degen and necrosis (sparing distal tubules and basement membranes)
mineralization of kidneys +/- other organs
What is the treatment for grapes/raisins?
emesis/GL if early + AC and cathartic IV fluid diuresis (48-72 hours) monitor BUN, Cr, Ca, P, K, urine SG for 72h symptomatic and supportive care consider peritoneal or hemodialysis
What is the Px for grapes/raisins?
poor if present with ARF
What does ingestion of paintballs and playdough cause in dogs/cats? whats in them?
fluid electrolyte imbalances and acid base abnormalities
polyethelene glycol, sorbitol, glycerin, propylene glycol, mineral oil, dyes, pigskin
Whats the MOA of paintballs and playdough?
painballs act as osmotic cathartics to pull fluid into the GIT
What’s the toxic dose of paintballs/playdough?
5-10 paintballs to 30kg dog
playdough can contain up to 8g NaCl/tbsp (2g/kg toxic)
What are the clinical signs of paintballs/playdough?
paintballs - rapid movement of water into GI Playdough - direct Na uptake - increased plasma and EC osmolality, intracellular dehydration, hypernatremia, metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia
Signs
- vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration (prerenal azotemia) polydipsia, ataxia, tremors
less common
weakness, hypovolemia, tachycardia, hypotension, blindness, seizures, hyperthermia and death
What is the Dx of paintballs and playdough?
clin path (serum electrolyte anomalies PM edema of GIT mucosa and cerebral cellular shrinkage
What is the Tx for paintballs and playdough?
emesis, GL if asymptomatic (not AC)
monitor hydration, acid base and electrolyte status
rehydrate hypernatremic dogs slowly with 0.45% saline + 2.5% dextrose
What is the Px of paintballs and playdough
good if treated appropriately
What is dangerous about alkaline dry cells and lithium batteries?
alkaline dry cell = corrosive
- if chewed skin and mucosal necrosis
lithium disc batteries can be lodged in esophagus and cause burn without leaking
What are the clinical signs of battery ingestion?
alkaline dry cell
- rapid irritation
- grayish black material in mouth
- coughing/retching/gagging
- progression to dyspnea/stridor, vomiting coffee grounds, melena, fever
lithium
- lodge in folds, necrosis/perforation (in 15min with 3volt)
What is the Dx for batteries?
find the battery inspect
examine oral area
radiographs
What is the treatment for batteries?
chewed - rinse mouth - monitor for signs - soft diet - antibiotics - GI protectants - pain meds Swallowed - push into stomach if intact - high fiber, monitor - chewed or stuck need to be removed
What is dangerous about essential oils?
volatile organic constituents of pants
lipophilic and well absorbed through MM/skin
potentially toxic in animals (little studies)
What is the toxic agent and MOA of pennyroyal oil? what is it used for typically?
toxic agent: pulegone
bioactivated by P450 to a hepatotoxic metabolite
- depletes glutathione –> ROAS damage
flea repellant and abortifacient
What are the clinical signs of pennyroyal oil?
2g/kg
- listless (2h)
- vomiting (2h)
- diarrhea, hemoptysis, epistaxis, seizures and death (30h)
hepatocellular necrosis in PM
