Random Q set 2 Flashcards
(45 cards)
Which enzyme can be defective & predispose a patient to diabetes, perhaps gestational diabetes?
glucokinase, b/c this is on pancreatic beta cells, & not in other tissues (hexokinase). Thus, it may not be able to sense that there is glucose there & that they should release insulin.
IV drug abuser is predisposed to staph aureus infective endocarditis, messed up tricuspid valve. What is a complication of this that could cause death?
throw blood clots to lungs. get hemorrhagic pulmonary infarcts.
What is Berkson’s bias?
selection bias when hospitalized patients are the control group
What is lead-time bias?
when you have a screening test, detect diseases much earlier than you would have normally
What is the Pygmalion effect?
researchers belief in the efficacy of the treatment may affect the outcome
What is the Hawthorne effect?
observer effect
study subjects change their behavior when they feel like they are being watched.
What are some examples of HIV drugs that require intracellular phosphorylation for activation?
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
zidovudine
zalcitabine
What are some examples of HIV drugs that do NOT require intracellular phosphorylation for activation?
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
nevirapine
efavirenz
delavirdine
What is the MOA of ritonavir in HIV treatment?
inhibitor of HIV protease
MOA of enfuvirtide in HIV treatment?
inhibitor of HIV fusion
What are the common features of DOwn’s syndrome?
flat face flat nasal bridge up-slanting palpebral fissures epicanthal folds small mouth single palmar creases MR
Usu Down’s syndrome is caused by trisomy, 21. In rare cases, what genetic defect can cause it?
Robertsonian translocation & mosaicism.
How do CD8+ cells recognize foreign antigens?
With MHC 1 presenting cells.
What are MHC I proteins composed of?
heavy chain + beta 2 micro globulin
What are the different types of organ rejection?
hyperacute
acute (1-4 weeks), host CD8 cells against foreign MHCI
chronic
What is the treatment for acute organ rejection?
calcineurin inhibitors–cyclosporine, tacrolimus
corticosteroids
What is the significance of ERB-B2 sensitivity?
aka Her-2/neu, determines if the breast cancer will respond to trastuzumab treatment
What is the significance of ER/PR positivity in breast cancer?
determines whether the breast cancer will respond to tamoxifen
What are the main features of chronic bronchitis? What is its leading cause?
thick bronchial walls neutrophil infiltration mucous gland enlargement patchy squamous metaplasia **leading cause--smoking
Which part of the heart is closest to the esophagus? posterior to the esophagus @ the same place?
left atrium
descending aorta
Describe the conc’n of the tubular fluid in the kidney after the glomerulus.
PCT ~300 (isotonic w/ blood). Water & electrolytes are absorbed here.
Descending Limb –>1200 (only water reabsorbed)
Ascending Limb–>1200 b/c of ADH & water reabsorption
When do you usu see a Mallory Weiss tear?
a tear in the gastric mucosa near the gastroesophageal junction
tight lower esophageal sphincter
often caused by repetitive vomiting
vomiting produces metabolic alkalosis
What is cricopharyngeal motor dysfunction?
can’t relax your pharyngeal muscles when you’re swallowing
increased pressure–get a Zenker’s diverticulum
**get choking, coughing, dysphagia, aspiration
When you add carbidopa to levodopa…which symptoms can increase?
the peripheral symptoms are reduced, but the central symptoms, such as anxiety & agitation are increased.