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USMLE Step 1 > Rapid Review - First Aid > Flashcards

Rapid Review - First Aid Flashcards

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1
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • gout
  • intellectual disability
  • self-mutilating behavior
  • male
A

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome

  • HGPRT deficiency
  • X-linked recessive
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2
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • situs inversus
  • chronic sinusitis
  • bronchiectasis
  • infertility
A

Kartagener Syndrome

  • dynein arm defect affecting cilia
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3
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • blue sclera
A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

  • type I collagen defect
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4
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • elastic skin
  • hypermobility of joints
  • ↑ bleeding tendency
A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

  • type V collagen defect
  • type III collagen defect seen in vascular subtype of ED
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5
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • arachnodactyly
  • lens dislocation (upward)
  • aortic dissection
  • hyperflexible joints
A

Marfan Syndrome

  • fibrillin defect
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6
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • café-au-lait spots (unilateral)
  • polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
  • precocious puberty
  • multiple endocrine abnormalities
A

McCune-Albright Syndrome

  • mosaic G-protein signaling mutation
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7
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • calf pseudohypertrophy
A

Muscular Dystrophy

  • most commonly Duchenne
  • due to X-linked recessive frameshift mutation of dystrophin gene
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8
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • child uses arms to stand up from squat
A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

  • Gowers sign
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9
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys
A

Becker Muscular Dystrophy

  • X-linked missense mutation in dystrophin
  • less severe than Duchenne
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10
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • cleft lip/palate
  • microcephaly or holoprosencephaly
  • polydactyly
  • cutis aplasia
A

Patau Syndrome

  • Trisomy 13
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11
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • microcephaly
  • rocker-bottom feet
  • clenched hands
  • structural heart defect
A

Edwards Syndrome

  • Trisomy 18
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12
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • single palmar crease
A

Down Syndrome

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13
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • dilated cardiomyopathy
  • edema
  • alcoholism or malnutrition
A

Wet Beriberi

  • thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency
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14
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • dermatitis
  • dementia
  • diarrhea
A

Pellagra

  • niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency
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15
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • swollen gums
  • mucosal bleeding
  • poor wound healing
  • petechiae
A

Scurvy

  • vitamin C deficiency
  • can’t hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis
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16
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • chronic exercise intolerance
  • myalgia
  • fatigue
  • painful cramps
  • myoglobinuria
A

McArdle Disease

  • skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency
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17
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • infant
  • hypoglycemia
  • hepatomegaly
A

Cori Disease

  • debranching enzyme deficiency

Von Gierke disease

  • glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
  • more severe
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18
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • myopathy (infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • exercise intolerance
A

Pompe Disease

  • lysosomal α-1,4-glucosidase deficiency
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19
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • “cherry-red spots” on macula
A

Tay-Sachs

  • ganglioside accumulation

Niemann-Pick

  • sphingomyelin accumulation

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

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20
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • hepatosplenomegaly
  • pancytopenia
  • osteoporosis
  • aseptic necrosis of femoral head
  • bone crises
A

Gaucher Disease

  • glucocerebrosidase deficiency
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21
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • achilles tendon xanthoma
A

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

  • ↓ LDL receptor signaling
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22
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • anaphylaxis following blood transfusion
A

IgA Deficiency

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23
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • male child
  • recurrent infections
  • no mature B cells
A

Bruton Disease

  • X-linked agammaglobulinemia
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24
Q

Classic Presentations:

  • recurrent cold (noninflamed) abscesses
  • unusual eczema
  • high serum IgE
A

Hyper-IgE Syndrome

  • Job Syndrome
  • neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality
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25
Classic Presentations: * strawberry tongue
* Scarlet Fever * Kawasaki Disease
26
Classic Presentations: * adrenal hemorrhage * hypotension * DIC
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome * meningococcemia
27
Classic Presentations: * red “currant jelly” sputum * alcoholic or diabetic patients
*Klebsiella pneumoniae* Pneumonia
28
Classic Presentations: * large rash with bull’s-eye appearance
Erythema Chronicum Migrans * *Ixodes* tick bite * Lyme Disease: *Borrelia*
29
Classic Presentations: * indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
* Nonpainful: chancre (1° syphilis, *Treponema pallidum*) * Painful, with exudate: chancroid (*Haemophilus ducreyi*)
30
Classic Presentations: * pupil accommodates but doesn’t react
Neurosyphilis * Argyll Robertson pupil
31
Classic Presentations: * smooth, moist, painless, wart-like white lesions on genitals
Condylomata Lata * 2° syphilis
32
Classic Presentations: * fever, chills, headache, and myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis
Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction * rapid lysis of spirochetes results in endotoxin-like release
33
Classic Presentations: * dog or cat bite resulting in infection
* Pasteurella multocida* * cellulitis at inoculation site)
34
Classic Presentations: * rash on palms and soles
* Coxsackie A * 2° Syphilis * Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
35
Classic Presentations: * black eschar on face * diabetic ketoacidosis
*Mucor* or *Rhizopus* fungal infection
36
Classic Presentations: * chorioretinitis * hydrocephalus * intracranial calcifications
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
37
Classic Presentations: * fever * cough * conjunctivitis * coryza * diffuse rash
Measles
38
Classic Presentations: * small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers
Koplik Spots * measles (rubeola) virus
39
Classic Presentations: * back pain * fever * night sweats
Pott Disease * vertebral TB
40
Classic Presentations: * child with fever later develops red rash on face that spreads to body
Erythema Infectiosum/Fifth Disease * “slapped cheeks” appearance * Parvovirus B19
41
Classic Presentations: * abdominal pain * diarrhea * leukocytosis * recent antibiotic use
*Clostridium difficile*
42
Classic Presentations: * bounding pulses * wide pulse pressure * diastolic heart murmur * head bobbing
Aortic Regurgitation
43
Classic Presentations: * systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)
Aortic Stenosis
44
Classic Presentations: * continuous “machine-like” heart murmur
PDA * close with indomethacin * keep open with PGE analogs
45
Classic Presentations: * chest pain on exertion
Angina * stable: with moderate exertion * unstable: with minimal exertion or at rest
46
Classic Presentations: * chest pain * ST depression on ECG
* Angina (⊝ troponins) * NSTEMI (⊕ troponins)
47
Classic Presentations: * chest pain * pericardial effusion/friction rub * persistent fever following MI
Dressler Syndrome * autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis * 2 weeks to several months after acute episode
48
Classic Presentations: * painful, raised red lesions on pads of fingers/toes
Osler Nodes * infective endocarditis * immune complex deposition
49
Classic Presentations: * painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles
Janeway Lesions * infective endocarditis * septic emboli/microabscesses
50
Classic Presentations: * splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
Bacterial Endocarditis
51
Classic Presentations: * retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Roth Spots * bacterial endocarditis
52
Classic Presentations: * distant heart sounds * distended neck veins * hypotension
Beck Triad * cardiac tamponade
53
Classic Presentations: * cervical lymphadenopathy * desquamating rash * coronary aneurysms * red conjunctivae and tongue * hand-foot changes
Kawasaki Disease * treat with IVIG and aspirin
54
Classic Presentations: * palpable purpura on buttocks/legs * joint pain * abdominal pain (child) * hematuria
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura * IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys
55
Classic Presentations: * telangiectasias * recurrent epistaxis * skin discoloration * arteriovenous malformations * GI bleeding * hematuria
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia * Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome
56
Classic Presentations: * skin hyperpigmentation * hypotension * fatigue
1° Adrenocortical Insufficiency * Addison Disease * causes ↑ ACTH and ↑ α-MSH production
57
Classic Presentations: * cold intolerance
Hypothyroidism
58
Classic Presentations: * cutaneous/dermal edema due to deposition of mucopolysaccharides in connective tissue
Myxedema * caused by hypothyroidism * Graves Disease—pretibial
59
Classic Presentations: * facial muscle spasm upon tapping
Chvostek Sign * hypocalcemia
60
Classic Presentations: * no lactation postpartum * absent menstruation * cold intolerance
Sheehan Syndrome * postpartum hemorrhage leading to pituitary infarction
61
Classic Presentations: * deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation
Diabetic Ketoacidosis * Kussmaul respirations
62
Classic Presentations: * cutaneous flushing * diarrhea * bronchospasm
Carcinoid Syndrome * right-sided cardiac valvular lesions * ↑ 5-HIAA
63
Classic Presentations: * pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors
MEN 1 * autosomal dominant
64
Classic Presentations: * thyroid tumors * pheochromocytoma * ganglioneuromatosis * Marfanoid habitus
MEN 2B * autosomal dominant RET mutation
65
Classic Presentations: * thyroid and parathyroid tumors * pheochromocytoma
MEN 2A * autosomal dominant RET mutation
66
Classic Presentations: * jaundice * palpable distended non-tender gallbladder
Courvoisier Sign * distal malignant obstruction of biliary tree
67
Classic Presentations: * painless jaundice
Cancer of the Pancreatic Head * obstruction of the bile duct
68
Classic Presentations: * vomiting blood following gastroesophageal lacerations
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome * alcoholic and bulimic patients
69
Classic Presentations: * dysphagia (esophageal webs) * glossitis * iron deficiency anemia
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome * may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
70
Classic Presentations: * enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node
Virchow Node * abdominal metastasis
71
Classic Presentations: * weight loss * diarrhea * arthritis * fever * adenopathy
Whipple Disease * *Tropheryma whipplei*
72
Classic Presentations: * severe RLQ pain with palpation of LLQ
Rovsing Sign * acute appendicitis
73
Classic Presentations: * severe RLQ pain with deep tenderness
McBurney Sign * acute appendicitis
74
Classic Presentations: * hamartomatous GI polyps * hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands/genitalia
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome * inherited, benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction * ↑ cancer risk, mainly GI
75
Classic Presentations: * multiple colon polyps * osteomas/soft tissue tumors * impacted/supernumerary teeth
Gardner Syndrome * subtype of FAP
76
Classic Presentations: * abdominal pain * ascites * hepatomegaly
Budd-Chiari Syndrome * posthepatic venous thrombosis
77
Classic Presentations: * severe jaundice in neonate
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome * congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
78
Classic Presentations: * golden brown rings around peripheral cornea
Wilson Disease * Kayser-Fleischer rings due to copper accumulation
79
Classic Presentations: * fat * female * forty * fertile * familial
Cholelithiasis * gallstones
80
Classic Presentations: * short stature * café-au-lait spots * thumb/radial defects * ↑ incidence of tumors/leukemia * aplastic anemia
Fanconi Anemia * genetic loss of DNA crosslink repair * often progresses to AML
81
Classic Presentations: * red urine in the morning * fragile RBCs
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
82
Classic Presentations: * painful blue fingers/toes * hemolytic anemia
Cold Agglutinin Disease * autoimmune hemolytic anemia * caused by *Mycoplasma pneumoniae*, infectious mononucleosis, and CLL
83
Classic Presentations: * mucosal bleeding * prolonged bleeding time
Glanzmann Thrombasthenia * defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa
84
Classic Presentations: * fever * night sweats * weight loss
B Symptoms of Lymphoma
85
Classic Presentations: * erythroderma * lymphadenopathy * hepatosplenomegaly * atypical T cells
Mycosis Fungoides * cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Sézary Syndrome * mycosis fungoides + malignant T cells in blood
86
Classic Presentations: * WBCs that look “smudged”
CLL
87
Classic Presentations: * athlete * polycythemia
2° to Erythropoietin Injection
88
Classic Presentations: * neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth * arm in “waiter’s tip” position
Erb-Duchenne Palsy * superior trunk (C5–C6) brachial plexus injury
89
Classic Presentations: * anterior “drawer sign” ⊕
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
90
Classic Presentations: * bone pain * bone enlargement * arthritis
Paget Disease of Bone * ↑ osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity
91
Classic Presentations: * swollen, hard, painful finger joints in an elderly individual * pain worse with activity
Osteoarthritis * osteophytes * PIP—Bouchard nodes * DIP—Heberden nodes
92
Classic Presentations: * sudden swollen/painful big toe joint * tophi
Gout/Podagra * hyperuricemia
93
Classic Presentations: * dry eyes * dry mouth * arthritis
Sjögren Syndrome * autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands
94
Classic Presentations: * urethritis * conjunctivitis * arthritis * male
Reactive Arthritis * HLA-B27
95
Classic Presentations: * “butterfly” facial rash * Raynaud phenomenon * young female
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
96
Classic Presentations: * painful fingers/toes changing color from white to blue to red with cold or stress
Raynaud Phenomenon * vasospasm in extremities
97
Classic Presentations: * anticentromere antibodies
Scleroderma * CREST
98
Classic Presentations: * dark purple skin/mouth nodules in a patient with AIDS
Kaposi Sarcoma * associated with HHV-8
99
Classic Presentations: * anti-desmoglein (anti-desmosome) antibodies
Pemphigus Vulgaris * blistering
100
Classic Presentations: * pruritic, purple, polygonal planar papules and plaques
Lichen Planus
101
Classic Presentations: * ↑ AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
* Dating Error * Open Neural Tube Defects * anencephaly * spina bifida
102
Classic Presentations: * toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape
Babinski Sign * UMN lesion
103
Classic Presentations: * hyperphagia * hypersexuality * hyperorality * hyperdocility
Klüver-Bucy Syndrome * bilateral amygdala lesion
104
Classic Presentations: * lucid interval after traumatic brain injury
Epidural Hematoma * middle meningeal artery rupture
105
Classic Presentations: * “worst headache of my life”
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
106
Classic Presentations: * resting tremor * rigidity * akinesia * postural instability * shuffling gait
Parkinson Disease * loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta
107
Classic Presentations: * chorea * dementia * caudate degeneration
Huntington Disease * autosomal dominant CAG repeat expansion
108
Classic Presentations: * nystagmus * intention tremor * scanning speech * bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Multiple Sclerosis
109
Classic Presentations: * rapidly progressive limb weakness that ascends following GI/upper respiratory infection
Guillain-Barré Syndrome * acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy subtype
110
Classic Presentations: * café-au-lait spots * Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma) * cutaneous neurofibromas * pheochromocytomas * optic gliomas
Neurofibromatosis Type I
111
Classic Presentations: * vascular birthmark (port-wine stain) of the face
Nevus Flammeus * benign * associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome
112
Classic Presentations: * renal cell carcinoma (bilateral) * hemangioblastomas * angiomatosis * pheochromocytoma
von Hippel-Lindau Disease * dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation
113
Classic Presentations: * bilateral acoustic schwannomas
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
114
Classic Presentations: * hyperreflexia * hypertonia * Babinski sign present
UMN damage
115
Classic Presentations: * hyporeflexia * hypotonia * atrophy * fasciculations
LMN damage
116
Classic Presentations: * unilateral facial drooping involving forehead
LMN Facial Nerve (CN VII) Palsy * UMN lesions spare the forehead
117
Classic Presentations: * episodic vertigo * tinnitus * hearing loss
Meniere Disease
118
Classic Presentations: * ptosis * miosis * anhidrosis
Horner Syndrome * sympathetic chain lesion
119
Classic Presentations: * conjugate horizontal gaze palsy * horizontal diplopia
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia * damage to MLF * may be unilateral or bilateral
120
Classic Presentations: * polyuria * renal tubular acidosis type II * growth failure * electrolyte imbalances * hypophosphatemic rickets
Fanconi Syndrome * multiple combined dysfunction of the proximal convoluted tubule
121
Classic Presentations: * bluish line on gingiva
Burton Line * lead poisoning
122
Classic Presentations: * periorbital and/or peripheral edema * proteinuria (\> 3.5g/day) * hypoalbuminemia * hypercholesterolemia
Nephrotic Syndrome
123
Classic Presentations: * hereditary nephritis * sensorineural hearing loss * cataracts
Alport Syndrome * mutation in collagen IV
124
Classic Presentations: * streak ovaries * congenital heart disease * horseshoe kidney * cystic hygroma at birth * short stature * webbed neck * lymphedema
Turner Syndrome (45,XO)
125
Classic Presentations: * red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola
Paget Disease of the Breast * sign of underlying neoplasm
126
Classic Presentations: * fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis * abnormal curvature
Peyronie Disease * connective tissue disorder
127
Classic Presentations: * hypoxemia * polycythemia * hypercapnia
Chronic Bronchitis * hyperplasia of mucous cells * “blue bloater”
128
Classic Presentations: * pink complexion * dyspnea * hyperventilation
Emphysema * “pink puffer” * centriacinar—smoking * panacinar—α1-antitrypsin deficiency
129
Classic Presentations: * bilateral hilar adenopathy * uveitis
Sarcoidosis * noncaseating granulomas
130
Classic Labs/Findings: * ↓ AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
Down Syndrome * chromosomal abnormalities
131
Classic Labs/Findings: * large granules in phagocytes * immunodeficiency
Chédiak-Higashi Disease * congenital failure of phagolysosome formation
132
Classic Labs/Findings: * recurrent infections * eczema * thrombocytopenia
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
133
Classic Labs/Findings: * branching gram ⊕ rods with sulfur granules
*Actinomyces israelii*
134
Classic Labs/Findings: * Optochin sensitivity
* Sensitive: *S. pneumoniae* * Resistant: viridans streptococci (*S. mutans*, *S. sanguis*)
135
Classic Labs/Findings: * Novobiocin sensitivity
* Sensitive: *S. epidermidis* * Resistant: *S. saprophyticus*
136
Classic Labs/Findings: * Bacitracin sensitivity
* Sensitive: *S. pyogenes* (group A) * Resistant: *S. agalactiae* (group B)
137
Classic Labs/Findings: * *Streptococcus bovis* bacteremia
Colon Cancer
138
Classic Labs/Findings: * hilar lymphadenopathy * peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)
Ghon Complex * 1° TB: *Mycobacterium bacilli*
139
Classic Labs/Findings: * bacteria-covered vaginal epithelial cells
“Clue Cells” * *Gardnerella vaginalis*
140
Classic Labs/Findings: * ring-enhancing brain lesion on CT/MRI in AIDS
* *Toxoplasma gondii* * CNS Lymphoma
141
Classic Labs/Findings: * cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
Chagas Disease * *Trypanosoma cruzi*
142
Classic Labs/Findings: * heterophile antibodies
Infectious Mononucleosis * EBV
143
Classic Labs/Findings: * intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies
Cowdry Type A Bodies * HSV * VZV
144
Classic Labs/Findings: * eosinophilic globule in liver
Councilman Body * viral hepatitis * yellow fever * represents hepatocyte undergoing apoptosis
145
Classic Labs/Findings: * “steeple” sign on frontal CXR
Croup * parainfluenza virus
146
Classic Labs/Findings: * eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal and cerebellar neurons
Negri Bodies * rabies
147
Classic Labs/Findings: * atypical lymphocytes
EBV
148
Classic Labs/Findings: * enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
CMV * “owl eye” appearance
149
Classic Labs/Findings: * “thumb sign” on lateral neck x-ray
Epiglottitis * *Haemophilus influenzae*
150
Classic Labs/Findings: * “delta wave” on ECG * short PR interval * supraventricular tachycardia
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome * Bundle of Kent bypasses AV node
151
Classic Labs/Findings: * “boot-shaped” heart on x-ray
Tetralogy of Fallot * due to RVH
152
Classic Labs/Findings: * rib notching (inferior surface, on x-ray)
Coarctation of the Aorta
153
Classic Labs/Findings: * heart nodules (granulomatous)
Aschoff Bodies * rheumatic fever
154
Classic Labs/Findings: * electrical alternans (alternating amplitude on ECG)
Pericardial Tamponade
155
Classic Labs/Findings: * hypertension * hypokalemia * metabolic alkalosis
1° Hyperaldosteronism * Conn Syndrome
156
Classic Labs/Findings: * enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei with central clearing
“Orphan Annie” Eyes Nuclei * papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
157
Classic Labs/Findings: * antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)
Microscopic Polyangiitis and Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis * MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis * Wegener * PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis * MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA
158
Classic Labs/Findings: * mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
“Signet Ring” * gastric carcinoma
159
Classic Labs/Findings: * anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
Celiac Disease * diarrhea * weight loss
160
Classic Labs/Findings: * narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray
“String Sign” * Crohn Disease
161
Classic Labs/Findings: * “lead pipe” appearance of colon on abdominal imaging
Ulcerative Colitis * loss of haustra
162
Classic Labs/Findings: * thousands of polyps on colonoscopy
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis * autosomal dominant * mutation of APC gene
163
Classic Labs/Findings: * “apple core” lesion on barium enema x-ray
Colorectal Cancer * usually left-sided
164
Classic Labs/Findings: * eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell
Mallory Body * alcoholic liver disease
165
Classic Labs/Findings: * triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
Fatty Liver Disease * alcoholic * metabolic syndrome
166
Classic Labs/Findings: * “nutmeg” appearance of liver
Chronic Passive Congestion of Liver * right heart failure * Budd-Chiari Syndrome
167
Classic Labs/Findings: * antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)
1° Biliary Cirrhosis * female * cholestasis * portal hypertension
168
Classic Labs/Findings: * low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson Disease * hepatolenticular degeneration * Kayser-Fleischer rings due to copper accumulation
169
Classic Labs/Findings: * migratory thrombophlebitis (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)
Trousseau Syndrome * adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lungs
170
Classic Labs/Findings: * basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly Bodies * due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen
171
Classic Labs/Findings: * hypochromic, microcytic anemia
* Iron Deficiency Anemia * Lead Poisoning * Thalassemia—fetal hemoglobin sometimes present
172
Classic Labs/Findings: * basophilic stippling of RBCs
* Lead Poisoning * Sideroblastic Anemia
173
Classic Labs/Findings: * “hair on end” (“crew-cut”) appearance on x-ray
Marrow Expansion * β-Thalassemia * Sickle Cell Disease
174
Classic Labs/Findings: * hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic Anemia * B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms * folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms
175
Classic Labs/Findings: * antiplatelet antibodies
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
176
Classic Labs/Findings: * high level of d-dimers
* DVT * PE * DIC
177
Classic Labs/Findings: * giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (“owl’s eye”)
Reed-Sternberg Cells * Hodgkin Lymphoma
178
Classic Labs/Findings: * sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body–laden macrophages (“starry sky” histology)
Burkitt Lymphoma * t(8:14) c-myc activation * associated with EBV * “starry sky” made up of malignant cells
179
Classic Labs/Findings: * lytic (“punched-out”) bone lesions on x-ray
Multiple Myeloma
180
Classic Labs/Findings: * monoclonal antibody spike
* Multiple Myeloma (usually IgG or IgA) * Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS consequence of aging) * Waldenström (M protein = IgM) Macroglobulinemia * Primary Amyloidosis
181
Classic Labs/Findings: * stacks of RBCs
Rouleaux Formation * high ESR * multiple myeloma
182
Classic Labs/Findings: * azurophilic peroxidase ⊕ granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts
Auer Rods * AML, especially the promyelocytic (M3) type
183
Classic Labs/Findings: * WBCs that look “smudged”
CLL * almost always B cell
184
Classic Labs/Findings: * “tennis racket”-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells
Birbeck Granules * Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
185
Classic Labs/Findings: * “brown” tumor of bone
Hyperparathyroidism or Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica * deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color
186
Classic Labs/Findings: * raised periosteum (creating a “Codman triangle”)
Aggressive Bone Lesion * Osteosarcoma * Ewing Sarcoma * Osteomyelitis
187
Classic Labs/Findings: * “soap bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone * generally benign
188
Classic Labs/Findings: * “onion skin” periosteal reaction
Ewing Sarcoma * malignant small blue cell tumor
189
Classic Labs/Findings: * anti-IgG antibodies
Rheumatoid Arthritis * systemic inflammation * joint pannus * boutonniere and swan neck deformities
190
Classic Labs/Findings: * rhomboid crystals * ⊕ birefringent
Pseudogout * calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals
191
Classic Labs/Findings: * needle-shaped crystals * ⊝ birefringent
Gout * monosodium urate crystals
192
Classic Labs/Findings: * ↑ uric acid levels
* Gout * Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome * Tumor Lysis Syndrome * Loop and Thiazide Diuretics
193
Classic Labs/Findings: * “bamboo spine” on x-ray
Ankylosing Spondylitis * chronic inflammatory arthritis * HLA-B27
194
Classic Labs/Findings: * antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and antidsDNA)
SLE * type III hypersensitivity
195
Classic Labs/Findings: * anti-topoisomerase antibodies
Diffuse Systemic Scleroderma
196
Classic Labs/Findings: * keratin pearls on a skin biopsy
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
197
Classic Labs/Findings: * antihistone antibodies
Drug-Induced SLE * Hydralazine * Isoniazid * Phenytoin * Procainamide
198
Classic Labs/Findings: * bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
199
Classic Labs/Findings: * yellowish CSF
Xanthochromia * due to subarachnoid hemorrhage
200
Classic Labs/Findings: * eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in neuron
Lewy Body * Parkinson Disease * Lewy Body Dementia
201
Classic Labs/Findings: * extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
Senile Plaques * Alzheimer Disease
202
Classic Labs/Findings: * depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
Parkinson Disease * basal ganglia disorder * rigidity * resting tremor * bradykinesia
203
Classic Labs/Findings: * protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein
* Alzheimer Disease—neurofibrillary tangles * Pick Disease—Pick bodies
204
Classic Labs/Findings: * silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
Pick Bodies * Pick Disease * progressive dementia, * changes in personality
205
Classic Labs/Findings: * pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
Glioblastoma Multiforme
206
Classic Labs/Findings: * circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
Homer-Wright Rosettes * Neuroblastoma * Medulloblastoma
207
Classic Labs/Findings: * “waxy” casts with very low urine flow
Chronic End-Stage Renal Disease
208
Classic Labs/Findings: * RBC casts in urine
Glomerulonephritis
209
Classic Labs/Findings: * “tram-track” appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
210
Classic Labs/Findings: * nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules * diabetic nephropathy
211
Classic Labs/Findings: * podocyte fusion or “effacement” on electron microscopy
Minimal Change Disease * child with Nephrotic Syndrome
212
Classic Labs/Findings: * “spikes” on basement membrane * “dome-like” subepithelial deposits
Membranous Nephropathy * Nnephrotic Syndrome
213
Classic Labs/Findings: * anti–glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture Syndrome * glomerulonephritis * hemoptysis
214
Classic Labs/Findings: * cellular crescents in Bowman capsule
Rapidly Progressive Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
215
Classic Labs/Findings: * “wire loop” glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy
Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis * usually seen with lupus
216
Classic Labs/Findings: * linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular and alveolar basement membranes
Goodpasture Syndrome
217
Classic Labs/Findings: * “lumpy bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis * due to deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3
218
Classic Labs/Findings: * necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) * necrotizing glomerulonephritis
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener) * PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA Goodpasture Syndrome * anti–basement membrane antibodies
219
Classic Labs/Findings: * thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Chronic Pyelonephritis * usually due to recurrent infections
220
Classic Labs/Findings: * WBC casts in urine
Acute Pyelonephritis
221
Classic Labs/Findings: * renal epithelial casts in urine
Intrinsic Renal Failure * ischemia or toxic injury
222
Classic Labs/Findings: * hCG elevated
* Choriocarcinoma * Hydatidiform Mole * occurs with and without embryo, and multiple pregnancy
223
Classic Labs/Findings: * dysplastic squamous cervical cells with “raisinoid” nuclei * hyperchromasia
Koilocytes * HPV * predisposes to cervical cancer
224
Classic Labs/Findings: * Psammoma bodies
* Meningiomas * Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma * Mesothelioma * Papillary Serous Carcinoma of the Endometrium and Ovary
225
Classic Labs/Findings: * disarrayed granulosa cells arranged around collections of eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner Bodies * granulosa cell tumor of the ovary
226
Classic Labs/Findings: * “chocolate cyst” of ovary
Endometriosis * frequently involves both ovaries
227
Classic Labs/Findings: * mammary gland (“blue domed”) cyst
Fibrocystic Change of the Breast
228
Classic Labs/Findings: * glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
Schiller-Duval Bodies * Yolk Sac Tumor
229
Classic Labs/Findings: * rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
Reinke Crystals * Leydig Cell Tumor
230
Classic Labs/Findings: * thrombi made of white/red layers
Lines of Zahn * arterial thrombus * layers of platelets/RBCs
231
Classic Labs/Findings: * hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
Charcot-Leyden Crystals * Bronchial Asthma * eosinophilic granules
232
Classic Labs/Findings: * desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
Curschmann Spirals * Bronchial Asthma * can result in whorled mucous plugs
233
Classic Labs/Findings: * “honeycomb lung” on x-ray or CT
Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis
234
Classic Labs/Findings: * colonies of mucoid *Pseudomonas* in lungs
Cystic Fibrosis * autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene → fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs
235
Classic Labs/Findings: * iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
Ferruginous Bodies * asbestosis * ↑ chance of lung cancer
236
Classic Labs/Findings: * bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging
Pancoast Tumor * can compress cervical sympathetic chain and cause Horner syndrome
237
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Ethylene Glycol/Methanol Intoxication
Fomepizole * alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor
238
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Neisseria meningitidis*
* Penicillin * Ceftriaxone * Rifampin—prophylaxis
239
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Clostridium botulinum*
Antitoxin
240
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Clostridium tetani*
Antitoxin
241
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Staphylococcus aureus*
MSSA: * Nafcillin * Oxacillin * Dicloxacillin MRSA: * Vancomycin * Daptomycin * Linezolid * Ceftaroline
242
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Streptococcus pyogenes*
Penicillin Prophylaxis
243
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Streptococcus pneumoniae*
* Penicillin/Cephalosporin—systemic infection, pneumonia * Vancomycin—meningitis
244
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Streptococcus bovis*
* Penicillin Prophylaxis * evaluation for colon cancer if linked to endocarditis
245
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Enterococci
* Vancomycin * Aminopenicillins * Cephalosporins
246
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Haemophilus influenzae*
* Amoxicillin ± Clavulanate—mucosal infections * Ceftriaxone—meningitis * Rifampin—prophylaxis
247
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Legionella pneumophila*
Macrolides * Azithromycin
248
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*
* Piperacillin/Tazobactam * Aminoglycosides * Carbapenems
249
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Treponema pallidum*
Penicillin G
250
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Chlamydia trachomatis*
* Doxycycline + Ceftriaxone—gonorrhea coinfection * Oral Erythromycin—chlamydial conjunctivitis in infants
251
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Rickettsia rickettsii*
* Doxycycline * Chloramphenicol
252
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Candida albicans*
* Vaginitis * Topical Azoles * Oral/Esophageal * Nystatin * Fluconazole * Caspofungin * Systemic) * Fluconazole * Caspofungin * Amphotericin B
253
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Cryptococcus neoformans*
* Induction—Amphotericin B and Flucytosine * Maintenance—Fluconazole (in AIDS patients)
254
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Sporothrix schenckii*
* Itraconazole * Oral Potassium Iodide
255
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Pneumocystis jirovecii*
TMP-SMX * prophylaxis and treatment in immunosuppressed patients, CD4 \< 200/mm3
256
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Toxoplasma gondii*
Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine
257
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Malaria
* Chloroquine * Mefloquine * Atovaquone/Proguanil—for blood schizont * Primaquine—for liver hypnozoite
258
Classic/Relevant Treatments: Trichomonas vaginalis
Metronidazole * patient and partner
259
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Influenza
* Oseltamivir * Zanamivir
260
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * CMV
* Ganciclovir * Foscarnet * Cidofovir
261
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Neisseria gonorrhoeae*
Ceftriaxone * add Doxycycline to cover likely concurrent *C. trachomatis*
262
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Clostridium difficile*
* Oral Metronidazole * Oral Vancomycin—if refractory
263
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*
**RIPE**: * **R**ifampin * **I**soniazid * **P**yrazinamide * **E**thambutol
264
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * UTI Prophylaxis
TMP-SMX
265
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Chronic Hepatitis B or C
* HBV and HCV * IFN-α * HCV * Ribavirin * Simeprevir * Sofosbuvir
266
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Patent Ductus Arteriosus
* Close—Indomethacin * Open—PGE Analogs
267
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Stable Angina
Sublingual Nitroglycerin
268
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Hypercholesterolemia
Statin * first-line
269
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Buerger Disease
Smoking Cessation
270
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener)
* Cyclophosphamide * Corticosteroids
271
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Kawasaki Disease
* IVIG * High-Dose Aspirin
272
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Temporal Arteritis
High-Dose Steroids
273
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Arrhythmia—damaged cardiac tissue
Class IB Antiarrhythmics * Lidocaine * Mexiletine
274
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Pheochromocytoma
α-Antagonists * Phenoxybenzamine
275
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Prolactinoma
Dopamine Agonists * Cabergoline * Bromocriptine
276
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Diabetes Insipidus
* Central * Desmopressin * Nephrogenic * Hydrochlorothiazide * Indomethacin * Amiloride
277
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * SIADH
* Fluid Restriction * IV Hypertonic Saline * Conivaptan * Tolvaptan * Demeclocycline
278
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Diabetes Mellitus type 1
* Low Carbohydrate Diet * Insulin Replacement
279
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Diabetes Mellitus type 2
* Dietary Intervention * Oral Hypoglycemics * Insulin—if refractory
280
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Diabetic Ketoacidosis
* Fluids * Insulin * K+
281
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Carcinoid Syndrome
Octreotide
282
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Crohn Disease
* Corticosteroids * Infliximab * Azathioprine
283
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Ulcerative Colitis
* 5-ASA Preparations * Mesalamine * 6-Mercaptopurine * Infliximab * Colectomy
284
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Hypertriglyceridemia
Fibrate
285
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Sickle Cell Disease
Hydroxyurea * ↑ fetal hemoglobin
286
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Imatinib
287
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (M3)
All-Trans Retinoic Acid
288
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Anticoagulation during Pregnancy
Heparin
289
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Heparin Reversal
Protamine Sulfate
290
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Immediate Anticoagulation
Heparin
291
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Long-Term Anticoagulation
* Warfarin * Dabigatran * Rivaroxaban * Apixaban
292
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Warfarin Reversal
* Acute—Fresh Frozen Plasma * Non-Acute—Vitamin K
293
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis
Mesna
294
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * HER2/neu ⊕ Breast Cancer
Trastuzumab
295
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Osteoporosis
* Prophylaxis * Calcium + Vitamin D * Treatment * Bisphosphonates * PTH Analogs * SERMs * Calcitonin * Denosumab
296
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Osteomalacia/Rickets
Vitamin D Supplementation
297
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Chronic Gout
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors * Allopurinol * Febuxostat * Pegloticase * Probenecid
298
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Acute Gout Attack
* NSAIDs * Colchicine * Glucocorticoids
299
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Neural Tube Defect Prevention
Prenatal Folic Acid
300
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Migraine
* Abortive Therapies * Sumatriptan * NSAIDs * Prophylaxis * Propranolol * Topiramate * CCBs * Amitriptyline
301
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
Carbamazepine
302
Classic/Relevant Treatments: Multiple Sclerosis
* Disease-Modifying Therapies * β-Interferon * Natalizumab * Acute Flares * IV steroids
303
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Tonic-Clonic Seizures
* Levetiracetam * Phenytoin * Valproate * Carbamazepine
304
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Absence Seizures
Ethosuximide
305
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Malignant Hyperthermia
Dantrolene
306
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Anorexia
* Nutrition * Psychotherapy * Mirtazapine
307
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Bulimia Nervosa
SSRIs
308
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Alcoholism
* Disulfiram * Acamprosate * Naltrexone * Supportive Care
309
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * ADHD
* Methylphenidate * Amphetamines * CBT * Atomoxetine * Guanfacine * Clonidine
310
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Alcohol Withdrawal
Long-Acting Benzodiazepines
311
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Bipolar Disorder
* Mood Stabilizers * Lithium * Valproic Acid * Carbamazepine * Atypical Antipsychotics
312
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Depression
SSRIs
313
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Generalized Anxiety Disorder
* SSRIs * SNRIs—first line * Buspirone—second line
314
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Schizophrenia (positive symptoms)
Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics
315
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Schizophrenia (negative symptoms)
Atypical Antipsychotics
316
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Hyperaldosteronism
Spironolactone
317
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
* α1-Antagonists * 5α-Reductase Inhibitors * PDE-5 Inhibitors
318
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Infertility
* Leuprolide * GnRH—pulsatile * Clomiphene
319
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Woman
Aromatase Inhibitor * Anastrozole
320
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * ER ⊕ Breast Cancer
Tamoxifen
321
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Prostate Adenocarcinoma/Uterine Fibroids
* Leuprolide * GnRH—continuous
322
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Medical Abortion
Mifepristone
323
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Flutamide
324
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Erectile Dysfunction
* Sildenafil * Tadalafil * Vardenafil
325
Classic/Relevant Treatments: * Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (idiopathic)
* Sildenafil * Bosentan * Epoprostenol
326
Key Associations: * Mitochondrial Inheritance
* disease occurs in both males and females * inherited through females only
327
Key Associations: * Intellectual Disability
* Down Syndrome * Fragile X Syndrome
328
Key Associations: * Vitamin Deficiency (USA)
Folate * pregnant women are at high risk * body stores only 3- to 4-month supply * prevents neural tube defects
329
Key Associations: * Lysosomal Storage Disease
Gaucher Disease
330
Key Associations: * Food Poisoning—exotoxin mediated
* *S. aureus* * *B. cereus*
331
Key Associations: * Osteomyelitis
* S. aureus* * most common overall
332
Key Associations: * Bacterial Meningitis—adults and elderly
*S. pneumoniae*
333
Key Associations: * Bacterial Meningitis—newborns and kids
* Newborns * Group B Streptococcus * *E. coli* * *Listeria monocytogenes* * Kids/Teens * *S. pneumoniae* * *N. meningitidis*
334
Key Associations: * Gastritis * Peptic Ulcer Disease * Gastric Malignancies * Adenocarcinoma * MALToma
*H. pylori*
335
Key Associations: * Opportunistic Infection in AIDS
*Pneumocystis jirovecii* Pneumonia
336
Key Associations: * Helminth Infection (US)
*Ascaris lumbricoides*
337
Key Associations: * Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
338
Key Associations: * Infection 2° to Blood Transfusion
Hepatitis C
339
Key Associations: * Osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell Disease
*Salmonella*
340
Key Associations: * Osteomyelitis with IV Drug Use
* *Pseudomonas* * *Candida* * *S. aureus*
341
Key Associations: * UTI
* *E. coli* * *Staphylococcus saprophyticus*—young women
342
Key Associations: * Sexually Transmitted Disease
* C. trachomatis* * usually coinfected with *N. gonorrhoeae*
343
Key Associations: * Nosocomial Pneumonia
* *S. aureus* * *Pseudomonas* * Enteric Gram ⊝ Rods
344
Key Associations: * Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
* *C. trachomatis* * *N. gonorrhoeae*
345
Key Associations: * Infections in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
* *S. aureus* * *E. coli* * *Aspergillus* (catalase ⊕)
346
Key Associations: * Metastases to Bone
Prostate, Breast \> Lung, Thyroid, Kidney
347
Key Associations: * Metastases to Brain
Lung \> Breast \> Prostate \> Melanoma \> GI
348
Key Associations: * Metastases to Liver
Colon \>\> Stomach \> Pancreas
349
Key Associations: * S3 Heart Sound
* ↑ Ventricular Filling Pressure * Mitral Regurgitation * HF * Dilated Ventricles
350
Key Associations: * S4 Heart Sound
Stiff/Hypertrophic Ventricle * Aortic Stenosis * Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
351
Key Associations: * Constrictive Pericarditis
* TB—developing world * Idiopathic * Viral—developed world
352
Key Associations: * Holosystolic Murmur
* VSD * Tricuspid Regurgitation * Mitral Regurgitation
353
Key Associations: * Ejection Click
Aortic Stenosis
354
Key Associations: * Mitral Valve Stenosis
Rheumatic Heart Disease
355
Key Associations: * Heart Murmur—congenital
Mitral Valve Prolapse
356
Key Associations: * Chronic Arrhythmia
Atrial Fibrillation * associated with high risk of emboli
357
Key Associations: * Cyanosis—early, less common
* Tetralogy of Fallot * Transposition of Great Vessels * Truncus Arteriosus * Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
358
Key Associations: * Late Cyanotic Shunt * uncorrected left to right becomes right to left
Eisenmenger Syndrome * caused by ASD, VSD, and PDA * results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia
359
Key Associations: * Congenital Cardiac Anomaly
VSD
360
Key Associations: * 2° Hypertension
* Renal Artery Stenosis * Chronic Kidney Disease * Polycystic Kidney Disease * Diabetic Nephropathy * Hyperaldosteronism
361
Key Associations: * Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Marfan Syndrome * idiopathic cystic medial degeneration
362
Key Associations: * Aortic Dissection
Hypertension
363
Key Associations: * Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Atherosclerosis * smoking is major risk factor
364
Key Associations: * Ascending or Arch Aortic Aneurysm,
Syphilitic Aortitis * 3° syphilis * vasa vasorum destruction
365
Key Associations: * Sites of Atherosclerosis
Abdominal Aorta \> Coronary Artery \> Popliteal Artery \> Carotid Artery
366
Key Associations: * Cardiac Manifestation of Lupus
Marantic/Thrombotic Endocarditis * nonbacterial
367
Key Associations: * Heart Valve in Bacterial Endocarditis
Mitral \> Aortic (rheumatic fever), Tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
368
Key Associations: * Endocarditis
* *S. aureus* * acute * IVDA * tricuspid valve * Viridans Stretococci * subacute * dental procedure * *S. bovis* * colon cancer * culture negative * *Coxiella* * *Bartonella* * HACEK
369
Key Associations: * Temporal Arteritis
* risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery * polymyalgia rheumatica
370
Key Associations: * recurrent Inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger Disease * strongly associated with tobacco
371
Key Associations: * 1° Cardiac Tumor (kids)
Rhabdomyoma * often seen in tuberous sclerosis
372
Key Associations: * Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia * hypotension
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
373
Key Associations: * Cushing Syndrome
* Iatrogenic * from corticosteroid therapy * Adrenocortical Adenoma * secretes excess cortisol * ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma * Cushing Disease * Paraneoplastic * due to ACTH secretion by tumors
374
Key Associations: * Tumor of the Adrenal Medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma * malignant
375
Key Associations: * Tumor of the Adrenal Medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma * usually benign
376
Key Associations: * Cretinism
* Iodine Deficiency * Congenital Hypothyroidism
377
Key Associations: * HLA-DR3
* Diabetes Mellitus type 1 * SLE * Graves Disease * Hashimoto Thyroiditis * also associated with HLA-DR5 * Addison Disease
378
Key Associations: * Thyroid Cancer
Papillary Carcinoma * childhood irradiation
379
Key Associations: * Hypoparathyroidism
accidental excision during thyroidectomy
380
Key Associations: * 1° Hyperparathyroidism
* Adenomas * Hyperplasia * Carcinoma
381
Key Associations: * 2° Hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of Chronic Kidney Disease
382
Key Associations: * Hypopituitarism
Pituitary Adenoma * usually benign tumor
383
Key Associations: * HLA-DR4
* Diabetes Mellitus type 1 * Rheumatoid Arthritis * Addison Disease
384
Key Associations: * refractory peptic ulcers * high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome * gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas * associated with MEN1
385
Key Associations: * Esophageal Cancer
* Squamous Cell Carcinoma—worldwide * Adenocarcinoma—US
386
Key Associations: * acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing Ulcer * ↑ intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion
387
Key Associations: * acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling Ulcer * greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa
388
Key Associations: * bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
Krukenberg Tumor * mucin-secreting signet ring cells
389
Key Associations: * Chronic Atrophic Gastritis
* autoimmune * predisposition to gastric carcinoma * can also cause pernicious anemia
390
Key Associations: * Gastric Cancer
Adenocarcinoma
391
Key Associations: * alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Skip Lesions * Crohn Disease
392
Key Associations: * Diverticulum in Pharynx
Zenker Diverticulum * diagnosed by barium swallow
393
Key Associations: * Site of Diverticula
Sigmoid Colon
394
Key Associations: * Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Cirrhotic Liver * hepatitis B and C * alcoholism * hemochromatosis
395
Key Associations: * Liver Disease
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
396
Key Associations: * 1° Liver Cancer
Hepatocellular Carcinoma * chronic hepatitis * cirrhosis * hemochromatosis * α1-antitrypsin deficiency * Wilson disease
397
Key Associations: * hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert Syndrome * benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
398
Key Associations: * Hemochromatosis
* multiple blood transfusions * Hereditary HFE Mutation * heart failure * “bronze diabetes” * ↑ risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
399
Key Associations: * Pancreatitis (acute)
* gallstones * alcohol
400
Key Associations: * Pancreatitis (chronic)
* alcohol—adults * cystic fibrosis—kids
401
Key Associations: * Autosplenectomy * fibrosis * shrinkage
Sickle Cell Disease * Hemoglobin S
402
Key Associations: * Microcytic Anemia
Iron Deficiency
403
Key Associations: * Bleeding Disorder with GpIb Deficiency
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome * defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor
404
Key Associations: * Hereditary Bleeding Disorder
von Willebrand Disease
405
Key Associations: * DIC
* severe sepsis * obstetric complications * cancer * burns * trauma * major surgery * acute pancreatitis * APL
406
Key Associations: * malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin Lymphoma
407
Key Associations: * Type of Hodgkin Lymphoma
Nodular Sclerosing * vs. Mixed Cellularity, Lymphocytic Predominance, Lymphocytic Depletion
408
Key Associations: * t(14;18)
Follicular Lymphomas * BCL-2 activation * anti-apoptotic oncogene
409
Key Associations: * t(8;14)
Burkitt Lymphoma * c-myc fusion * transcription factor oncogene
410
Key Associations: * Type of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
411
Key Associations: * 1° bone tumor (adults)
Multiple Myeloma
412
Key Associations: * age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
* ALL: child * CLL: adult \> 60 * AML: adult ∼ 65 * CML: adult 45–85
413
Key Associations: * Malignancy (kids)
* Leukemia * Brain Tumors
414
Key Associations: * Death in CML
Blast Crisis
415
Key Associations: * t(9;22)
* Philadelphia Chromosome * CML * BCR-ABL oncogene * tyrosine kinase activation * more rarely associated with ALL
416
Key Associations: * Vertebral Compression Fracture
Osteoporosis * Type I: postmenopausal woman * Type II: elderly man or woman
417
Key Associations: * HLA-B27
* Psoriatic Arthritis * Ankylosing Spondylitis * IBD-Associated Arthritis * Reactive Arthritis (formerly Reiter Syndrome)
418
Key Associations: * Death in SLE
Lupus Nephropathy
419
Key Associations: * Tumor of Infancy
Strawberry Hemangioma * grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood
420
Key Associations: * Actinic (Solar) Keratosis
Precursor to Squamous Cell Carcinoma
421
Key Associations: Cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation
Chiari I Malformation
422
Key Associations: * Atrophy of the Mammillary Bodies
Wernicke Encephalopathy * thiamine deficiency causing ataxia * ophthalmoplegia * confusion
423
Key Associations: * Viral Encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
424
Key Associations: * Epidural Hematoma
Middle Meningeal Artery Rupture * trauma * lentiform shaped
425
Key Associations: * Subdural Hematoma
Rupture of Bridging Veins * crescent shaped
426
Key Associations: * Dementia
* Alzheimer Disease * Vascular Dementia * multiple infarcts
427
Key Associations: * demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple Sclerosis
428
Key Associations: * Brain Tumor (adults)
Supratentorial * Metastasis * Astrocytoma (including Glioblastoma Multiforme) * Meningioma * Schwannoma
429
Key Associations: * Pituitary Tumor
* Prolactinoma * Somatotropic Adenoma
430
Key Associations: * Brain Tumor (kids)
Infratentorial * Medulloblastoma (cerebellum) Supratentorial * Craniopharyngioma
431
Key Associations: Mixed (UMN and LMN) Motor Neuron Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
432
Key Associations: 1° Hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal Hyperplasia or Adenoma
433
Key Associations: * Nephrotic Syndrome (adults)
Membranous Nephropathy
434
Key Associations: * Nephrotic Syndrome (kids)
Minimal Change Disease
435
Key Associations: * Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger Disease * IgA Nephropathy
436
Key Associations: * Kidney Stones
* Calcium = radiopaque * Uric Acid = radiolucent * Cystine = faintly radiopaque * Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque * formed by urease ⊕ organisms such as *Klebsiella*, *Proteus* species, and *S. saprophyticus*)
437
Key Associations: * obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
438
Key Associations: * Renal Tumor
* Renal Cell Carcinoma * von Hippel-Lindau * cigarette smoking * Paraneoplastic Syndromes * EPO * Renin * PTHrP * ACTH
439
Key Associations: * 1° Amenorrhea
Turner Syndrome * 45,XO * 45,XO/46,XX mosaic
440
Key Associations: * Neuron Migration Failure
Kallmann Syndrome * hypogonadotropic hypogonadism * anosmia
441
Key Associations: * Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Vagina
DES exposure in utero
442
Key Associations: * Benign Ovarian Tumor
Serous Cystadenoma * bilateral
443
Key Associations: * Malignant Ovarian Tumor
Serous Cystadenocarcinoma
444
Key Associations: * Tumor in Women
Leiomyoma * estrogen dependent * not precancerous
445
Key Associations: * Gynecologic Malignancy
* Endometrial Carcinoma * most common in US * Cervical Carcinoma * most common worldwide
446
Key Associations: * Breast Mass
* Fibrocystic Change * Carcinoma * postmenopausal women
447
Key Associations: * Breast Tumor * benign * young woman
Fibroadenoma
448
Key Associations: * Breast Cancer
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
449
Key Associations: * Testicular Tumor
* Seminoma * malignant * radiosensitive) * ↑ placental ALP
450
Key Associations: * right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor Pulmonale
451
Key Associations: * hypercoagulability * endothelial damage * blood stasis
Virchow Triad * ↑ risk of thrombosis
452
Key Associations: * Pulmonary Hypertension
* idiopathic * heritable * left heart disease (HF) * lung disease (COPD) * hypoxemic vasoconstriction (OSA) * thromboembolic (PE)
453
Key Associations: * SIADH
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
454
Equations: * Volume of Distribution
455
Equations: * Half-Life
456
Equations: * Drug Clearance
457
Equations: * Loading Dose
458
Equations: * Maintenance Dose
459
Equations: * Sensitivity
460
Equations: * Specificity
461
Equations: * Positive Predictive Value
462
Equations: * Negative Predictive Value
463
Equations: * Odds Ratio (for case-control studies)
464
Equations: * Relative Risk
465
Equations: * Attributable Risk
466
Equations: * Relative Risk Reduction
467
Equations: * Absolute Risk Reduction
468
Equations: * Number Needed to Treat
469
Equations: * Number Needed to Harm
470
Equations: * Cardiac Output
471
Equations: * Mean Arterial Pressure
472
Equations: * Ejection Fraction
473
Equations: * Resistance
474
Equations: * Stroke Volume
475
Equations: * Capillary Fluid Exchange
476
Equations: * Renal Clearance
477
Equations: * Glomerular Filtration Rate
478
Equations: * Effective Renal Plasma Flow
479
Equations: * Renal Blood Flow
480
Equations: * Filtration Fraction
481
Equations: * Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation (for extracellular pH)
482
Equations: * Winters Formula
483
Equations: * Physiologic Dead Space
484
Equations: * Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
485
Equations: * Alveolar Gas Equation

USMLE Step 1 (18 decks)

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