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RAPID REVIEW KEY ASSOCIATIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance

A

Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

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2
Q

Intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

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3
Q

Vitamin deficiency (USA)

A

Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)

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4
Q

Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

pneumoniae

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5
Q

Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)

A

Group B streptococcus/E coli/Listeria monocytogenes (newborns), S pneumoniae/N meningitidis (kids/teens)

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6
Q

HLA-DR3

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis (also associated with HLA-DR5), Addison disease

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7
Q

HLA-DR4

A

Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison disease

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8
Q

H pylori

A

Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric malignancies (eg, adenocarcinoma, MALToma)

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9
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

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10
Q

Helminth infection (US) PICA CULO

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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11
Q

Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

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12
Q

Infection 2° to blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

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13
Q

Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S aureus, B cereus

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14
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

S aureus (most common overall)

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15
Q

Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

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16
Q

Osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, Candida, S aureus

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17
Q

UTI

A

E coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)

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18
Q

Sexually transmitted disease

A

C trachomatis (usually coinfected with N gonorrhoeae)

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19
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

S aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram ⊝ rods(BACTEROIDES absceso)

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20
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease

A

C trachomatis, N gonorrhoeae

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21
Q

Infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

S aureus, E coli, Aspergillus (catalase ⊕)

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22
Q

Metastases to bone

A

Prostate, breast > kidney, thyroid, lung

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23
Q

Metastases to brain

A

Lung > breast > melanoma, colon, kidney

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24
Q

Metastases to liver

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach > pancreas

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25
S3 heart sound
ventricular filling pressure (eg, mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles
26
S4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
27
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world); idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
28
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
29
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
30
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
31
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
32
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
33
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
34
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return, tricuspid atresia
35
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
36
Hypertension, 2°
Renal artery stenosis(fibromuscular dysplasia), chronic kidney disease (eg, polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy), hyperaldosteronism
37
Aortic aneurysm, thoracic
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
38
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal
Atherosclerosis, smoking is major risk factor
39
Aortic aneurysm, ascending or arch
3° syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
40
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
41
Aortic dissection
Hypertension
42
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
43
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
44
Endocarditis presentation associated with bacterium
``` S aureus (acute, IVDA, tricuspid valve), viridans streptococci (subacute, dental procedure), S bovis (colon cancer), culture negative (Coxiella, Bartonella, HACEK) ```
45
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
46
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco) vessels in extremities
47
Cardiac 1° tumor (kids)
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
48
Cardiac tumor (adults)
Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium; “ball valve”)
49
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
50
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
51
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism
52
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)
53
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
54
1° hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
55
2° hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
56
Cushing syndrome ƒ
- Iatrogenic (from corticosteroid therapy) ƒ -Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol) - ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease) ƒ - Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
57
1° hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma
58
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
59
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
60
Refractory peptic ulcers and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or, pancreas), associated with MEN1
61
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (US)
62
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushing ulcer (intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
63
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
64
Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
65
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause 379 pernicious anemia)
66
Gastric cancer
Adenocarcinoma
67
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Skip lesions (Crohn disease)
68
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
69
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
70
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C, 392 alcoholism, and hemochromatosis)
71
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
72
1° liver cancer
``` Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease) ```
73
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
74
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
75
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, “bronze diabetes,” andrisk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
76
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
77
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
78
Microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency
79
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Sickle cell disease (hemoglobin S)
80
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
81
von Willebrand disease
high bleeding time and ptt
82
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL
83
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
84
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosis (vs mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
85
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
86
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor 430 oncogene)
87
Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
88
1° bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
89
Age ranges for patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult ∼ 65, CML: 432, adult 45–85
90
Death in CML
Blast crisis
91
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL oncogene, tyrosine kinase activation), more rarely associated with ALL
92
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
93
HLA-B27
Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)
94
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
95
Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously by childhood)
96
Actinic (solar) keratosis
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
97
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari I malformation
98
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
99
Epidural hematoma
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
100
Subdural hematoma
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
101
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
102
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
103
Brain tumor (adults)
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including 526 glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
104
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
105
Brain tumor (kids)
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or 528 supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
106
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
107
Degeneration of dorsal column fibers
``` Tabes dorsalis (3° syphilis), subacute combined 530 degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal, spinocerebellar tracts affected) ```
108
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Membranous nephropathy
109
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
110
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
111
Kidney stones
Calcium = radiopaque Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease ⊕ organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus species, and S saprophyticus) Uric acid = radiolucent Cystine = faintly radiopaque
112
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
113
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
114
1° amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO or 45,XO/46,XX mosaic)
115
Kallmann syndrome
(hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia) | Neuron migration failure
116
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
117
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
118
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
119
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
120
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
121
Breast mass
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
122
Breast tumor (benign, young woman)
Fibroadenoma
123
Breast cancer
Invasive ductal carcinoma
124
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive),placental ALP
125
Pulmonary hypertension
Idiopathic, heritable, left heart disease (eg, HF), lung disease (eg, COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (eg, OSA), thromboembolic (eg, PE)
126
Virchow triad (^`risk of thrombosis)
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
127
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung | hypernatremia

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