RBC Abnormalities Flashcards
0
Q
RBC production
A
Erythropoiesis
1
Q
Functions of blood
A
1 Transports nutrients, waste products, hormones, and oxygen
2 Regulates fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base balance
3 Protects
2
Q
RBC production is controlled by ______
A
Erythropoietin
3
Q
Destruction of RBCs
A
Hemolysis
4
Q
Where are RBCs destroyed?
A
Spleen
5
Q
Where are RBCs synthesized?
A
Kidney
6
Q
Causes of anemia
A
Decreased erythrocyte production
Erythrocyte loss
7
Q
Normal RBC diameter
A
7-8 um
8
Q
Normal RBC thickness
A
2-5 um
9
Q
Normal RBC volume
A
90 fl
10
Q
Normal RBC surface area
A
160 um
11
Q
Morphologic alterations in erythrocytes
A
Distribution Hemoglobin concentration Size Shape Inclusions Morphology Parasites
12
Q
Normal distribution of RBCs
A
Even distribution in the thin portion (1/3)
No overlapping
13
Q
Abnormal distribution
A
Rouleaux
14
Q
When does abnormal distribution of RBCs happen?
A
Increased serum proteins (fibrinogen and globulins)
15
Q
Abnormal distribution of RBCs is seen in:
A
Hyperproteinemia Multiple myeloma Increased fibrinogen Infection Necrosis Pregnancy
16
Q
Own RBCs agglutinate in own serum or plasma
A
Autoagglutination
17
Q
Autoagglutination is seen in:
A
Hemolytic anemia Atypical pneumonia Mycoplasma infection Staphylococcal infection Trypanosomiasis
18
Q
Clumping at temperatures below 25 C
A
Cold agglutinin
19
Q
Alterations in erythrocyte color or hemoglobin content
A
Normochromic Hypochromic Hyperchromasia Polychromasia Anisochromia
20
Q
Variation in hemoglobin content
A
Anisochromia
21
Q
Contain normal amount of hemoglobin
A
Normochromic cells
22
Q
Very pale and show an increased area of central pallor (making up more than 1/3 of the cell)
A
Hypochromic cells
23
Q
Seen as decreased MCV or microcytosis
A
Hypochromic cells
24
Hypochromic RBCs are characteristic of:
Iron deficiency anemias
| Infections such as rheumatoid arthritis, chronic infection, and inflammation (defective macrophage release of iron)
25
Hyperchromasia is seen in
Macrocytes
| Spherocytes
26
Homogeneous color of RBC (at least 2/3)
Hyperchromasia
27
Hyperchromasia is true if ________
MCHC is elevated
28
Blue RNA and red hemoglobin
Polychromasia
29
Increased reticulocyte count
Polychromasia
30
Polychromasia is seen in:
Hemolytic anemias
31
Alterations in erythrocyte size
Anisocytosis
Macrocytosis
Microcytosis
32
Increased variation in the size of RBCs
Anisocytosis
33
Mean cell diameter and MCV of macrocytes
> 9 um and > 100 fl
34
Macrocytosis is seen in:
```
Megaloblastic anemias of B12 or folic acid deficiency
Alcoholism without liver disease
Cancer chemotherapy
Chronic hemolytic anemia
Myeloma
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Metastatic carcinoma
Hypothyroidism
```
35
Erythrocyte maturing factor
Vitamin B12
36
Drugs causing megaloblastic anemia
```
Methotrexate (cancer)
AZT (Ziodovudine)
Phenytoin (Folate deficiency)
Liver disease drugs
Ethanol
```
37
Diameter and MCV of microcytes
< 6.5 um and < 78 fl
38
A characteristic of iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, lead poisoning, sideroblastic anemia, idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, anemias of chronic diseases
Microcytosis
39
RBC is thinner and has a colorless center
Leptocyte
40
Alterations in erythrocyte shape
```
Discocyte
Poikilocytosis
Elliptocyte and Ovalocyte
Sickle Cell (Drepanocyte)
Target Cell (Codocyte)
Spherocyte
Stomatocyte
Schistocyte (Fragmented Cell, Helmet Cell)
Tear Drop (Dacrocyte)
Burr Cell, Crenated (Echinocyte)
Acanthocyte (Spike Cell, Acanthoid Cell)
Keratocyte (Horn Cell)
```
41
Red cell with a normal shape
Discocyte
42
General term indicating an increased variation in the shape of RBCs
Poikilocytosis
43
Causes of poikilocytosis
```
Structural and biochemical changes in cell membrane
Metabolic state
Hemoglobin molecule abnormalities
Abnormal microenvironment
Red cell age
```
44
Poikilocytes due to Vitamin B12 or Folate Deficiency
Oval macrocytes
45
Oval or egg-shaped seen in megaloblastic anemias
Elliptocyte and ovalocyte
46
Other term for sickle cell
Drepanocyte
47
Sickle cell disease
Hb SS
48
Genetic condition in which abnormal hemoglobin (Hb S) is present in a homozygous state on RBCs
Sickle Cell
49
Diagnostic of chronic hereditary hemolytic anemia
Poikilocytes
50
Characteristics of abnormal hemoglobin
Drepanocytes (sickle cells)
Hb CC crystals
HbSc crystals
51
Produces a specific mutant form of beta-globin
Sickle cell disease
52
Causes a mild chronic hemolytic anemia
Hb C
53
Sickling of RBCs
Hb S
Low concentration of RBCs
Low oxygen level
54
Other terms for codocyte
Target cell
Mexican hat
Bull's eye
55
Shows a peripheral ring of hemoglobin, an area of pallor or clearing, and a central area of hemoglobin
Codocyte
56
Membrane surface is increased because of cholesterol and phospholipid loading
Codocyte
57
Codocytes are always ______
acquired
58
Codocytes are seen in:
```
Thalassemia
Hemoglobinopathies
Obstructive liver disease
Postsplenectomy
Iron deficiency
```
59
Lost a portion of the cell membrane
Spherocytes
60
Diameter of spherocytes
< 6 um
61
Spherocytes are seen in:
Autoimmune hemolytic anemias
Hemolysis
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemias
62
Show a slitlike or mouthlike area of central pallor
Stomatocyte
63
Stomatocytes may be
Hereditary or acquired
64
Seen in normal PBS and occur as artifacts
Stomatocytes
65
Artifact if found only in one portion of the PBS
Codocytes
66
Stomatocytes are seen in:
Alcoholism
Cirrhosis
Obstructive liver disease
67
Result of high cellular sodium and low potassium content
Stomatocytes
68
Other terms for schistocytes
Fragmented cells
| Helmet cells
69
Causes of fragmentation of RBCs
RBC passes through fibrin strands
Damaged heart valves
RBC develops a blister
70
Schistocytes are seen in:
```
Severe burns
Renal graft rejection
Glomerulonephritis
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Vasculitis
March disease
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
```
71
Other term for tear drop cell
Dacrocyte
72
Pear-shaped with an elongated point or tail at one end
Dacrocytes
73
Formed when RBCs have inclusions (Heinz body)
Dacrocyte
74
Dacrocytes are seen in:
Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia
Pernicious anemia
Tuberculosis
Tumor in the marrow
75
Other term for acanthocyte
Spike cell
76
Spiny projections are irregularly distributed around the cell membrane
Acanthocyte
77
T or F. Acanthocytes are artifacts.
F
78
Acanthocytrw in cirrhosis and metastatic liver disease
Spur cells
79
Caused by changes in the ratio of plasma lipids (lecithins and sphingomyelins)
Acanthocytes
80
Seen in renal insufficiency
Burr cells
81
Look like echinocytes
Burr cells
82
Other term for echinocytes
Crenated cells
83
RBCs with scalloped, spicular, or spiny projections regularly distributed around the cell membrane.
Echinocytes
84
Regarded as an artifact and not normally seen in vivo
Echinocyte
85
Other term for keratocyte
Horn cell
86
Shaped like a half-moon or spindle
Keratocyte
87
Results when RBC is caught in a fibrin strand
Keratocyte
88
Alterations in erythrocyte structure and inclusions
```
Basophilic stippling
Siderocyte and Pappenheimer Body
Howell-Jowell Body
Cabot's Rings
Parasitized Red Cell
```
89
Presence of dark blue granules evenly distributed
Basophilic stippling
90
Basophilic stippling is seen in:
Toxic injury to bone marrow
| Severe megaloblastic anemia
91
Results in alteration in the biosynthesis of hemoglobin
Basophilic stippling
92
Cells contain small, dense, blue-purple granules of free iron, uncombined with hemoglobin
Siderocytes
93
Stain for siderocytes
Prussian blue
94
Siderocytes that are Wright-stained
Pappenheimer bodies
95
Seen after removal of spleen
Pappenheimer bodies
96
Round, densely staining purple granules
Howell-Jolly Bodies
97
Positive fulgean reaction
DNA
98
Where are howell-jolly bodies derived from?
Incomplete extrusion of the nucleus
| Chromosomes separated from the spindle
99
Inclusions of nuclear chromatin remnants
Howell-Jolly Bodies
100
Howell-Jolly Bodies are seen in:
Sickle cell anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
101
Threadlike red-violet strands occur in ring, twisted, or figure-8 shapes in reticulocytes
Cabot's Rings
102
May represent part of the mitotic spindle, remnants of microtubules or fragments of nuclear membrane
Cabot's Rings
103
Cabot's Rings are seen in:
Megaloblastic anemia
Severe anemia
Lead poisoning
104
Poikilocytes secondary to developmental macrocytosis
Oval macrocytes
105
Poikilocytes secondary to membrane abnormalities
```
Spherocytes
Elliptocytes and ovalocytes
Echinocytes
Burr cells
Acanthocytes
Stomatocytes
Codocytes
```
106
Poikilocytes secondary to trauma
```
Schistovytes
Keratocytes
Dacrocytes
Microspherocytes
Semilunar bodies
```
107
Poikilocytes secondary to abnormal hemoglobin content
Sickle cell
108
Inclusions in the RBC
```
Howell-Jolly bodies
Basophilic stippling
Pappenheimer bodies
Polychromatophilic red cells
Cabot's rings
```
109
Occur in severe burns as small round cells
Microspherocytes
110
Other term for semilunar bodies
Degmacytes
111
Large, pale pink staining ghost of the RBC
Semilunar body
112
Young RBCs that are diffusely basophilic
Polychromatophilic red cells
113
Larger than normal, contain ribosomes, mitochondria, and other organelles
Polychromatophilic red cells
114
Polychromatophilic red cells with methylene blue
Reticulocytes
115
Inclusions seen in malaria
Schuffner's stippling or granules
116
Produced by particles of fat or detergent on the glass itself
Artifacts
117
Heinz bodies are seen in:
Poisoning with aromatic nitro- compounds, amino compounds
Hemolytic anemia
Sulfonamide intake
118
Consist of denatured globin derived from destruction of the hemoglobin molecule
Heinz bodies
