RE Chapter 14 Flashcards by Lindsay Gatza

Graham’s Law

The rate of gas diffusion through an orifice (effusion) is inversely proportional to the square route of its molecular weight

r=1/√ mw
*faster diffusion for smaller molecules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Henry’s Law

At a constant temp, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas at equilibrium above the gas-liquid interface

p=kc
**(p is partial pressure, k is henry’s constant, c is concentration of solute in solution)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What five factors determine diffusion?

Directly proportional: concentration gradient, tissue area, fluid tissue solubility

indirectly proportional: membrane thickness, molecular weight

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is osmosis?

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane to equilibrate a concentration gradient

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is osmotic pressure?

The force needed to stop osmosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is oncotic pressure?

The osmotic pressure by plasma proteins & electrolytes in capillaries.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is normal oncotic pressure?

28 mmhg

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fick’s Law

Diffiusion of a gas across a semipermeable membrane is directly proportional to the partial pressure gradient, membrane solubility of the gas, & membrane area. It is inversely proportional to the membrane thickness and molecular weight.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fick equation for diffusion of respiratory gases

J=αD/∆x(Pao2 - Pacapo2)

J - diffusion flux
α - solubility constant for o2
D - diffusivity
∆x - membrane thickness
(Pao2-Pcapo2) - alveolar-capillary o2 partial pressure difference

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the force of gravity?

9.81 m/sec/sec

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

One newton =

1/9.81 kg wight or 102 g weight

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the formula for force?

F=ma

m-mass
a-acceleration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a dyne?

1/1000th of a newton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Normal PVR

100 - 200 dyne sec/cm^5

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Formula for calculating SVR

80 x (MAP-CVP)/CO

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Normal SVR

900-1200 dyne sec/cm^5

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Definition of pressure

force over area

P = f/a

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a pascal?

Standard unit of measurement

Pa=1 N/ 1 m²

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1 torr = _____ mmHg

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1 kPa = ______ cm H2O = _______ mmHg

1 kPa = 10.2 cm H2O = 7.5 mmHg

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

gage pressure =

absolute pressure - atmospheric pressure

at sea level, 760-760= 0

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is absolute zero?

0º K

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Celsius to kelvin

K = C + 273

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Celsius to Fahrenheit

F = 1.8(C) + 32

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is standard temperature?

273.15 K (0º C)

What are the 4 primary mechanisms of body heat loss?

1. Radiation 2. Convection 3. Conduction 4. Evaporation

What is the most common source of heat loss? The least?

Most common is radiation, least is evaporation

What is latent heat of vaporization?

the amount of heat energy per unit mass required to convert a liquid into the vapor phase.

The rate of vaporization depends on what three things?

1. Temperature 2. Vapor pressure of the liquid 3. Partial pressure of the vapor above the evaporating liquid

Vapor pressure of isoflurane

238 mmHg

Vapor pressure of sevoflurane

160 mmHg

Vapor pressure of desflurane

660 mmHg

Universal Gas Law

PV=nrT ``` P-pressure V-volume n-number of moles r-constant T - temp in K ```

r (constant in universal gas law) =

0.08221 L x atm / K / mol

One mole of any gas at 0º C will expand to _____ liters volume

22.4 (standard molar volume)

With n held constant the universal gas law is....

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

Boyle's law

Pressure & Volume are indirectly proportional P1V1=P2V2

Charles law

Temperature and volume are directly proportional V1/T1 = V2/T2

Gay-Lussac's Law

Pressure and Temperature are directly proportional P1/T1 = P2/T2

Avagadro's number shows that a mole of any gas has ________ molecules

6.023 x 10^23

Dalton's gas law

The total pressure of a system is the additive pressures of each individual gas in a mixture Pgas = Pa+Pb+Pc...

How do you determine the partial pressure of a gas based on dalton's law?

P(gas) = (volume %) x Ptotal ex: medical air (79% nitrogen& 21% air) Ptotal is 760 mmHg Pnitrogen = .79 x 760 = 600.4 mmHg Po2 = .21x760 = 159.6 mmHg

What is the definition of flow?

The quantity of fluid passing a point per unit time F = Q/t

What is laminar flow?

type of flow in which all molecules of a fluid travel in parallel within the tube. The molecules in the center move at a velocity twice as fast compared to flow at the walls.

In what part of the airways do you see laminar flow?

The terminal bronchioles (smallest airways)

What type of flow does poiselle's law describe?

Laminar

Equation for poiselle's law

F=(πr⁴∆P)/(8nl) r⁴ - radius to the 4th power n - viscosity of fluid ∆P - pressure gradient l - length of tube

According to poiselle's law _____ will have the most dramatic effect on flow.

radius

doubling the radius will result in a ____-fold increase in flow, tripling the radius will result in a ______-fold increase in flow.

doubling - 16-fold increase | tripling - 81-fold incerase

What does reynolds number determine?

Whether a given flow will be laminar or turbulent.

What is the equation for reynolds number?

vpd/n v-velocity p-density d-diameter n-viscosity

What does a reynolds number of greater than 2000 indicate? less than 2000?

>2000 = turbulent flow <2000 = laminar flow

What does the bernoulli principle describe?

In a tube containing a constriction, at the constriction the velocity of flow increases and there is a corresponding decrease in pressure at the narrowing.

What does Laplace's law describe?

The relationship of wall tension to pressure and radius in cylinders & spheres

Laplace's law equation for a cylinder

T = Pr T-tension P-pressure r-radius

Laplace's law for a sphere

2T=Pr

What unit is tension measured in?

N/cm

100mmHg=______N/cm²

1.33

What are transverse waves? Name an example.

Composed of up-and-down movement | ex. electromagnetic radiation waves

What are longitudinal waves? Name an example.

composed of back-and-fourth movements along the direction of the wave. These are pressure fluctuations ex. sound waves

What is impedance?

The total of all forces that impede electrical flow

What is capacitance?

The capacity to store charge

What is electromagnetic inductance?

transfer of electric current between circuits without physical contact, using magnetic waves.

What is macroshock?

large amounts of current conducted though a patient's skin.

macroshock of ___ -___mA can cause ventricular fibrillation

100-300

What is microshock?

The delivery of small amounts of current directly to the heart.

What level of microshock may cause ventricular fibrillation in humans?

100 μA

In pulse oximetry oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs ________(infrared/visible red) to a wavelength of _____ nanometers.

infrared / 940 nanometers

In pulse oximetry deoxygenated hemoglobin absorbs _______(infrared/visible red) frequency at a wavelength of _____ nanometers

visible red / 660

SaO2 of 90% corresponds with a PaO2 of ______ mmHg

SaO2 of 70% corresponds with a PaO2 of ________ mmHg and cyanosis is apparent

The physical sharing of electrons between atoms is called a ______ bond.

covalent

What are isomers?

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas.

What are hydrocarbons?

Molecules composed entirely of carbon atoms with hydrogen atom attached

What are alkanes?

hydrocarbons containing only single-bonded carbon atoms.

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

Single-bonded carbon chains with all available carbon bonds attached to hydrogen

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

One or more double/triple bonds between carbon atoms.

What is an alkene?

Hydrocarbon containing double bonded carbons.

What is an alkyne?

triple-bonded hydrocarbons

Amine

NR3 (only 1 or two of the Rs may be hydrogen) | Derivatives of ammonia (NH3)

Alcohols

ROH - R represents an alkyl group

Phenols

ROH - R represents an aryl group (benzene)

Ethers

ROR' - where R and R' are alkyl groups attached by O2

Carbonyl group

C=O key component in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides

Aldehydes

RCHO

Ketones

RCOR'

Carboxylic acids

RCOOH

Esters

RCOOR

Amides

RCONH2, RCONHR, or RCONR2

Normal Axis Deviation

-30º to +90º Lead I = positive Lead aVF = positive

Left Axis Deviation

-30º to -90º Lead I = positive Lead aVF = negative

Right Axis Deviation

+90º to +/- 180º Lead I = Negative Lead II = Positive

Superior Right Axis Deviation

-90º to +/-180º Lead I = negative Lead aVF = negative

RE Chapter 14 Flashcards

(93 cards)