Reaction Pathways

Question 1

Hydrogenation

Answer 1

Alkene or alkyne + H2 ->(with metal catalyst) alkane or alkene

Question 2

Halogenation

Answer 2

Alkene or alkyne + Halogen -> haloalkane or haloalkene

Question 3

Hydrohalogenation

Answer 3

Alkene + Hydrohalide -> haloalkane
if the carbon chain is asymmetrical then the hydrogen will attach to the carbon with the most hydrogens already attached

Question 4

Hydration

Answer 4

Alkene + Water ->(high temperature, pressure and strong acid catalyst) Alcohol

Question 5

Polymerisation

Answer 5

alkene/haloalkene ->(heat and pressure) poly(alkene)

Question 6

Elimination

Answer 6

Haloalkane + NaOH or KOH ->(Heat) Alkene + Salt + Water

Question 7

Oxidation of primary alcohol

Answer 7

Primary Alcohol ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >50 degrees) Aldehyde ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >50 degrees) Carboxylic acid

Question 8

Oxidation of secondary alcohol

Answer 8

Secondary Alcohol ->(K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, >70 degrees) Ketone

Question 9

Reduction of Alkenes

Answer 9

Alkene + H2 ->(metal catalyst and extreme heat) alkane

Question 10

Reduction of nitriles

Answer 10

Nitrile ->(LiAlH4 and water) primary amine

Question 11

Esterification

Answer 11

Carboxylic acid + Alcohol <->(heat + mineral acid) Ester + Water

Question 12

Amide synthesis

Answer 12

Carboxylic acid + Amine ->(heat) Amide + Water

Question 13

Substitution of alkanes

Answer 13

Alkane + Halogen gas ->(UV light) Haloalkane + hydrohalide

Question 14

Substitution of haloalkanes with KCN (potassium cyanide)

Answer 14

Haloalkane + KCN ->(heat and ethanol) Nitrile

Question 15

Substitution of haloalkanes with NaOH (sodium hydroxide)

Answer 15

Haloalkane + NaOH ->(heat) Alcohol + salt
CH3CH(Br)CH3 + NaOH ->(heat) CH3CH(OH)CH3 + NaBr

Question 16

Substitution of haloalkanes with halogens

Answer 16

Haloalkane + NaI ->(ethanol and stir) Haloalkane(iodine) + salt(Na+halogen)

Question 17

Substitution of haloalkanes with NH3 (ammonia)

Answer 17

Haloalkane + 2NH3 ->(ethanol, sealed and heat) amine + ammonium(halogen)