reaction pathways of aliphatic compounds Flashcards
NOP = non-organic product
1
Q
alkane -> haloalkane
A
- conditions: halogen, UV radiation
- reaction: free radical substitution (learn steps)
- NOP: HX (g)
2
Q
alkene -> alkane
A
- conditions: H₂ / Ni
- reaction: hydrogenation (addition)
3
Q
alkene -> dihaloalkane
A
- conditions: X₂
- reaction: halogenation (addition)
- electrophilic addition (know mechanism)
4
Q
alkene -> alcohol
A
- conditions: H₂O (steam) / H₃PO₄
- reaction: hydration (addition), 2 possible products
5
Q
alkene -> haloalkane
A
- conditions: hydrogen halide
- reaction: electrophilic addition (know mechanism)
6
Q
haloalkane -> alcohol
A
- conditions -: NaOH (aq)
- reaction: nucleophilic substitiution (hydrolysis, know mechanism)
- NOP: X-
7
Q
haloalkane -> amine
A
- conditions: NH₃ / ethanol, NaOH to liberate amine from salt
- NOPs: NaCl + H₂O
8
Q
haloalkane -> nitrile
A
- conditions: NaCN / ethanol
- reaction: nucleophilic substitution (know mechanism)
- NOP: X-
9
Q
primary alcohol -> aldehyde
A
- conditions: K₂Cr₂O₇ / H₂SO₄, distillation
- reaction: oxidation
- NOP: H₂O
10
Q
primary alcohol -> carboxylic acid
A
- conditions: K₂Cr₂O₇ / H₂SO₄, reflux
- reaction: oxidation, have 2 [O] in equation
- NOP: H₂O
11
Q
secondary alcohol -> ketone
A
- conditions: K₂Cr₂O₇ / H₂SO₄, reflux
- reaction: oxidation
- NOP: H₂O
12
Q
alcohol -> alkene
A
- conditions: H₃PO₄ or H₂SO₄, heat under reflux
- reaction: dehydration (elimination)
13
Q
alcohol -> haloalkane
A
- conditions: sodium halide / H₂SO₄, heated under reflux, which forms a hydrogen halide in situ
- reaction: nucleophilic substitution (know mechanism)
- NOP: H₂O
14
Q
alcohol -> ester
A
- conditions: carboxylic acid / conc. H₂SO₄ OR acid hydride
- reaction: esterification
- NOP: H₂O
15
Q
aldehyde -> primary alcohol
A
- conditions: NaBH₄ / H₂O
- reaction: nucleophilic addition, reduction
- 2 [H] in equation, know mechanism
16
Q
aldehyde -> carboxylic acid
A
- condtions: K₂Cr₂O₇ / H₂SO₄, reflux
- reaction: oxidation
17
Q
aldehyde -> hydroxynitrile
A
- conditions: NaCN (aq) / H+ (aq) - these make HCN
- reaction: nucleophilic addition (know mechanism)
18
Q
ketone -> secondary alcohol
A
- conditions: NaBH₄ / H₂O
- reaction: nucleophilic addition, reduction
- 2 [H] in equation, know mechanism
19
Q
ketone -> hydroxynitrile
A
- conditions: NaCN (aq) / H+ (aq) - these make HCN
- reaction: nucleophilic addition (know mechanism)
20
Q
aldehyde / ketone -> hydroxynitrile
A
- conditions: HCN
- reaction: nucleophilic addition (know mechanism)
21
Q
carboxylic acid -> carboxylate
A
- redox reactions with metals
- neutralisation reactions with bases (alkalis, metal oxides, and carbonates)
22
Q
carboxylic acid -> ester
A
- conditions: alcohol / conc. H₂SO₄
- reaction: esterification
- NOP: H₂O
23
Q
carboxylic acid -> acyl chloride
A
- conditions: SOCl₂
- NOPs: SO₂ (g), HCl (g)
24
Q
carboxylic acid -> acid anhydride
A
- reactants: 2 CAs
- NOP: H₂O
25
ester -> carboxylic acid (+ alcohol)
- conditions: heated under reflux with dilute aqueous acid
- reaction: acid hydrolysis, reversible
- put H₂O as reactant in equation
26
ester -> carboxylate (+ alcohol)
- conditions: heated under reflux with aqueous hydroxide ions
- reaction: alkaline hydrolysis, irreversible
- put OH- as reactant in equation
27
acyl chloride -> ester
- conditions: alcohol
- NOP: HCl
28
acyl chloride -> carboxylic acid
- conditions: H₂O
- NOP: HCl
29
acyl chloride -> primary amide
- conditions: NH₃
- NOP: NH₄Cl (ammonium chloride)
30
acyl chloride -> secondary amide
- conditions: primary amine
- other product: alkylammonium chloride (eg. CH₃NH₃⁺Cl⁻)
31
nitrile -> amine
- conditions: H₂ / Ni
- reaction: reduction
32
nitrile -> carboxylic acid
- conditions: H₂O / HCl, heat
- NOP: NH₄Cl
33
hydroxynitrile -> carboxylic acid
- conditions: H₂O / HCl, heat
- NOP: NH₄Cl
34
hydroxynitrile -> amine
- conditions: H₂ / Ni
- reaction: reduction
