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C11 > Reactions in Water > Flashcards

Reactions in Water Flashcards

1
Q

Describe acid

A

A substance that can donate a proton to a base

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2
Q

Describe base

A

A substance with a pH greater than 7

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3
Q

Provide a common use of nitric acid

A

Etch copper and manufacture fertiliser

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4
Q

Provide the chemical formulae of nitric acid

A

HNO3

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5
Q

Provide a common occurence and use of hydrochloric acid

A

Produced in the stomach and used to clean bricks and concrete

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6
Q

Provide the chemical formulae of hydrochloric acid

A

HCl

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7
Q

Provide a common use of sulfuric acid

A

Used in car batteries, plastics, insecticides, detergents and pharmaceuticals

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8
Q

Provide the chemical formulae of sulfuric acid

A

H2SO4

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9
Q

Provide a common occurrence of ethanoic acid

A

Found in vinegar

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10
Q

Provide the chemical formulae of ethanoic acid

A

CH3COOH

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11
Q

Provide a common occurrence of citric acid

A

Found in lemon juice

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12
Q

Provide the chemical formulae of citric acid

A

C6H8O7

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13
Q

Provide the common occurrence of carbonic acid

A

Found in soft drinks

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14
Q

Provide the chemical formulae of carbonic acid

A

H2CO3

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15
Q

Provide the common use of lactic acid

A

Makes milk sour

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16
Q

Provide the chemical formulae of lactic acid

A

C3H6O3

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17
Q

Provide the common occurrence of ascorbic acid

A

Found in citrus fruit

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18
Q

Provide the chemical formulae of abscorbic acid

A

C3H8O6

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19
Q

State the key to diluting concentrated acids

A

Always add acid to water

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20
Q

State the 5 properties of acids

A
  1. taste sour
  2. corrosive
  3. molecular in structure and dissolve in water to produce an electrolyte
  4. affect the colour of certain natural and synthetic dyes
  5. neutralised by bases
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21
Q

State what acids can be neutralised by

A

Bases

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22
Q

State what acids dissolve in water to produce

A

Elecytrolytes

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23
Q

Describe electrolytes

A

Substance that conducts electricity

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24
Q

State the common products of acid+metal

A

salt+hydrogen gas

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25
Q

State the common products of acid+metal carbonate

A

salt+carbon dioxide gas+water

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26
Q

State the common products of acid+metal hydrogen carbonate

A

salt+carbon dioxide gas+water

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27
Q

State the common products of acid+metal sulfite

A

salt+sulfur dioxide gas+water

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28
Q

State the common products of acid+metal sulfide

A

salt+hydrogen sulfide gas

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29
Q

State the common products of acid+metal oxide

A

salt+water

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30
Q

State the common products of acid+base

A

salt+water

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31
Q

State what reactants produce salt+hydrogen gas

A

acid+metal

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32
Q

State what two sets of reactants produce salt+carbon dioxide gas+water

A

acid+metal carbonate

acid+metal hydrogen carbonate

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33
Q

State what reactants produce salt+sulfur dioxide gas+water

A

acid+metal sulfite

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34
Q

State what reactants produce salt+hydrogen sulfide gas

A

acid+metal sulfide

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35
Q

State what reactants produce salt+water

A

acid+base

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36
Q

State 8 properties of bases

A
  1. bitter taste
  2. feel slippery
  3. turn litmus from red to blue
  4. electrolytes
  5. corrosive
  6. generally ionic substances
  7. oxides/hydroxides of metals
  8. usually insoluble in water
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37
Q

State what colour litmus turns in the presence of a base

A

Red to blue

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38
Q

State what colour litmus turns in the presence of an acid

A

Blue to red

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39
Q

Provide the chemical formulae for ammonia

A

NH4

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40
Q

Provide a common use of ammonia

A

Fertilisers and detergents

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41
Q

Provide the chemical formulae for sodium hydroxide

A

NaOH

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42
Q

Provide a common use of sodium hydroxide

A

Soaps and detergents

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43
Q

Provide the chemical formulae for sodium carbonate

A

Na2CO3

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44
Q

Provide a common use of sodium carbonate

A

Manufacture of glass, washing powder and detergent

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45
Q

Provide the chemical formulae for calcium oxide

A

CaO

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46
Q

Provide a common use of calcium oxide

A

Bricklayers mortar

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47
Q

Provide the chemical formulae for lead (II) oxide

A

PbO

48
Q

Provide a common use of lead (II) oxide

A

House paint

49
Q

Provide the chemical formulae for calcium hydroxide

A

Ca(OH)2

50
Q

Provide the common use of calcium hydroxide

A

Garden lime, plaster and cement

51
Q

Provide the chemical formulae for ammonium hydroxide

A

NH4OH

52
Q

Provide the common use of ammonium hydroxide

A

Cleaning agents

53
Q

Provide the chemical formulae for magnesium hydroxide

A

Mg(OH)2

54
Q

Provide the common use of magnesium hydroxide

A

Milk of magnesia (for treatment of indigestion)

55
Q

State the 2 major statements of the Bronsted-Lowry theory

A
  • An acid is a proton donor

- A base is a proton acceptor

56
Q

State what a reaction between an acid and a base involves

A

Proton transfer from the acid to the base

57
Q

State the only time when a proton is transferred from the acid to a base in a reaction

A

When both the acid and base are present

58
Q

Describe ionisation

A

Reaction in which substances react with water to produce ions

59
Q

Describe hydrolysis

A

A reaction in which a substance reacts with water to form OH- or H3O+ ions

60
Q

State what occurs when ionic bases dissolve in water

A

They dissociate or separate into their constituent ions

61
Q

State whether or not ionic bases ionise when they are introduced to water

A

They do not ionise since they do not actually react with the water to produce ions as acids do

62
Q

State what is generally produced when an acid and base react with one another

A

A salt and water are produced

63
Q

Describe spectator ions

A

Ions that do not take part in a reaction but maintain electrical neutrality in a solution

64
Q

State an alternative formation of an acid-base reaction

A

Conjugate acid and bases which form

65
Q

Describe conjugate acid-base pairs

A

Pairs differ by a proton.

66
Q

Provide instructions on how to find the conjugate base of an acid

A

Subtract 1 H+

67
Q

Provide instructions on how to find the conjugate acid of a base

A

Add 1 H+

68
Q

State whether or not a conjugate acid and base can reform the original acid and base and if so, how they might do this

A

Yes. Transfer a proton in a ‘backwards’ reaction

69
Q

Describe a polyprotic acid

A

Acids that can donate more than one proton per molecules of acid

70
Q

Describe a diprotic acid

A

Acids that can donate two protons

71
Q

Describe a monoprotic acid

A

Acids that can donate one proton

72
Q

Describe a triprotic acid

A

Acids that can donate three protons

73
Q

State what substances that can donate or accept electrons are referred to as

A

Amphiprotic

74
Q

Describe amphiprotic substances

A

Substances that can donate or accept electrons

75
Q

Describe ampholytes

A

Ionic amphiprotic substances

76
Q

State to what the strength of an acid or base is related to

A

The ease with which it donates or accepts a proton

77
Q

State what a strong acid will readily donate

A

Protons

78
Q

State what a strong base will readily accept

A

Protons

79
Q

State what a strong acid will readily do

A

Donate protons

80
Q

State what a strong base will readily do

A

Accept protons

81
Q

State whether or not all strong acid react completely with water

A

Yes.

82
Q

State whether or not the anions of strong acids have the ability to attract protons

A

No.

83
Q

State whether or not oxide ions exist in water

A

No.

84
Q

State why oxide ions do not exist in water

A

Because they always revert to hydroxide ions

85
Q

State whether or not the strength and concentration of an acid differ from one another

A

Yes. The strength and concentration of an acid differ

86
Q

State what the strength of a solution is determined by

A

The number of ions present

87
Q

State what will occur to a strong acid when it is placed in a solution

A

It will become completely ionised

88
Q

State what will occur to a weak acid when it is placed in a solution

A

Contains a large number of molecules when compared with the number of ions produced in solution

89
Q

Describe concentration

A

Refers to the amount of acid or base that is dissolved in a given volume of water

90
Q

State what the concentration and strength of an acid or base solution determine

A

The number of ions present in the solution

91
Q

Describe the pH scale

A

A pH scale that is applied over a range from 1-14

92
Q

State what a neutral solution has a pH of

A

7

93
Q

State what values lower than 7 on the pH scale indicate

A

Acidic solution

94
Q

The stronger the acid, the lower the

A

pH value

95
Q

State what is stronger a pH of 3 or a pH of 4

A

A pH of 3

96
Q

State what values greater than 7 on the pH scale indicate

A

Basic solution

97
Q

State what the pH of a solution is defined by

A

-log[H3O+]

98
Q

Describe dilution

A

Process of adding water to a solution

99
Q

State what dilution may affect in acidic or basic solutions

A

The concentration of H3O+ ions that are present

100
Q

Describe indicators

A

Dyes that are usually themselves weak acids or bases

101
Q

State what indicators show

A

Different colours that allow acidic or basic solutions to be differentiated from one another

102
Q

State what indicators can be used to determine

A

Whether a substance is acidic or basic and also how acidic or basic it is

103
Q

State the 4 most commonly used indicators

A
  1. Litmus
  2. Phenolphthalein
  3. Methyl orange
  4. Universal indicator
104
Q

Describe what the universal indicator is

A

A mixture of several different indicators that changes colour gradually from red, to green, to violet

105
Q

State whether or not normal rain is slightly acidic

A

Yes

106
Q

State why normal rain is slightly acidic

A

Dissolution of carbon dioxide in water

107
Q

State what the product of CO2+H2O in rain is

A

Weak carbonic acid (H2CO3)

108
Q

State what carbonic acid reacts slightly with water to produce

A

Hydronium ions

109
Q

State what the affect of overall acidic rain may be

A
  • defoliation of significant forest areas
  • lunar landscape in Queenstown
  • run off into lakes has resulted in them being unable to sustain life
110
Q

State whether or not other gases can contribute to the acid rain phenomenon

A

Yes.

111
Q

State the 5 major responses that have been launched to tackle acid rain

A
  1. catalytic converters of car exhausts to change nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen
  2. use of natural gas a fuels
  3. switching to coal with a low sulfur content
  4. taking measures to assist the disperal of SO2 (e.g. buying taller chimney stacks)
  5. treating exhaust gases to remove undesirable emissions
112
Q

State what dissolves in water to produce carbonic acid

A

Carbon dioxide

113
Q

State what acidity the oceans have

A

They are slightly alkaline

114
Q

State from what pH the oceans have dropped to since the Industrial Revolution

A

Dropped from 8.2 to 8.1

115
Q

State the 4 major issues that could result from acidification

A
  1. coral bleaching
  2. interference with marine organisms
  3. reproductive disorders
  4. interference with shell building
116
Q

State what may occur if the carbonate ion concentration is lowered too much

A

Calcium carbonate in the shells of marine organisms may dissolve in an attempt to replace the removed carbonate ions

C11 (13 decks)

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