Reading

Question 1

What is Riggs’ contact lens study?

Answer 1

Special contact lens that projected images onto a persons retina –> after a few seconds, the images started to fade

Question 2

What was interesting about Riggs’ contact lens study?

Answer 2

How the images disappeared:

• Features slowly came and went
• Features disappear with whole lines
• For words –> always saw letters, never nonsense

Question 3

What was Hubel and Weisel’s cat study?

Answer 3

They recorded neural activity in the visual context.

Question 4

What were the findings of Hubel and Weisel’s cat studies?

Answer 4

Neurons are specialized for feature detection

Discovered feature detectors (neurons that respond to specific features)

Question 5

Neurons that respond to specific features

Answer 5

Feature detectors

Question 6

Word superiority effect

Answer 6

Used a T-scope to look at letter perception
Three conditions: Letter flashed at 50 ms, Word condition - letter presented in context, Nonword - scrambled letters
Person was shown a card and asked about letter position

Question 7

What were the results of the word superiority effect?

Answer 7

best performance was in the Word Condition (showed that letters are easier to recognize in context)

Question 8

What is the interactive activation model of reading?

Answer 8

Model of visual word recognition
Words are represented across different levels (words, letters, visual features)
The levels interact with each other
Explains how we read ambiguous information

Question 9

What model explains how we read ambiguous information?

Answer 9

The interactive activation model of reading

Question 10

Eye-movements in reading

Answer 10

When people read, their eyes jump to different words - it is not a smooth movement from left to right

Question 11

(T/F) When people read, they read in a smooth movement from left to right.

Answer 11

When people read, their eyes jump to different words - it is not a smooth movement from left to right

Question 12

When English speakers look at webpages, there is a bias for them to focus where? Why?

Answer 12

on the left side because they read from left-to-right

Question 13

the time spent focused on a location

Answer 13

fixation

Question 14

The average fixation in reading is _______

Answer 14

~250ms

Question 15

What do English readers extract information from in a fixation?

Answer 15

~4 characters to the left

~14 characters to the right

Question 16

Around the fixation point only __________ letters are seen with 100% accuracy

Answer 16

4-5 letters with 100% accuracy

Question 17

Can fixations tell us about processing difficulty? If so, how?

Answer 17

Yes; people fixate longer on harder words (low frequency or uncommon words)

Question 18

About _____% of content words have fixations.

About _____% of function words have fixations.

Answer 18

80%

38%

Question 19

Eye movements (“jumps”)

Answer 19

Saccades

Question 20

Duration of saccades is approximately:

Answer 20

20ms

Question 21

Length of saccades are approximately:

Answer 21

10 letters in length

Question 22

Backwards saccades

Answer 22

Regressions

Question 23

In fluent readers, about ____% of saccades are regressions

Answer 23

15

Question 24

When do regressions occur in reading?

Answer 24

When the reader is confused, distracted, etc. by the text

Question 25

As readers become more fluent, their fixations ______ and their regressions ______.

Answer 25

decrease, decrease

Question 26

(T/F) Eye movements are not affected by formatting.

Answer 26

False

Question 27

Left-aligned text __________________________________ Right-aligned text _________________________________ Centre-aligned text _______________________________ Justified text _____________________________________ Text in only capitals ________________________________

Answer 27

Left-aligned text lets you read fluently Right-aligned text makes you skip to different line-starting positions (slower to read) Centre-aligned text makes you skip to different line-starting positions (slower to read) Justified text leads to uneven gaps between words (disrupts fluent reading) Text in only capitals destroys the word shape, making word recognition slower and rereading a word more frequent

Question 28

Are eye movements affected by the type of material you read?

Answer 28

Yes

Question 29

People with Dyslexia show (the same/different) eye-movement patterns. (Pick one)

Answer 29

Different

Question 30

People with Dyslexia have a _____ fixation duration.

Answer 30

slower

Question 31

People with Dyslexia have a ____ saccade length.

Answer 31

shorter

Question 32

People with Dyslexia have regressions __________.

Answer 32

more often

Question 33

What are the three types of eye movements in reading:

Answer 33

Fixation - the time spent focused on a location Saccades - eye movements/jumps Regressions - backwards saccades

Question 34

T-circling task

Answer 34

shows that we skip over a lot of function words (e.g., the, to)

Question 35

What are the three types of orthographies?

Answer 35

Logography Syllabary Alphabet

Question 36

symbols/characters represent words/morphemes

Answer 36

Logography

Question 37

letters represent one or more phonemes

Answer 37

alphabet

Question 38

symbols/characters represent syllables

Answer 38

syllabary

Question 39

(T/F) Logographies tend to be all-or-none.

Answer 39

True. If you don't know the character, you won't be able to read it

Question 40

Examples of people who use logographies:

Answer 40

Mayans | Chinese - modern logography

Question 41

Examples of people who use the alphabet:

Answer 41

Most European languages use the Latin alphabet (including English)

Question 42

Examples of people who use a syllabary:

Answer 42

Japanese hiragana

Question 43

Written language with strong spelling to sound correspondence

Answer 43

Shallow orthography

Question 44

Written language with weak spelling to sound correspondence

Answer 44

Deep orthography

Question 45

In shallow orthography, the letters/symbols are _________ with their associated sounds. In deep orthography, the letters/symbols are ______ with their associated sounds.

Answer 45

Consistent/inconsistent

Question 46

(Shallow/Deep) orthographies are relatively easy to read.

Answer 46

Shallow orthographies

Question 47

Example of a language that uses deep orthography:

Answer 47

French | English

Question 48

What are the two roots of the Dual route model of reading?

Answer 48

Direct (orthographic) - familiar words/irregular words | Indirect (phonological) route - new words/non-words

Question 49

In the Dual route model of reading, what is the direct route?

Answer 49

letter units --> orthographic lexicon --> semantics --> phonological lexicon --> speech output

Question 50

In the Dual route model of reading, what is the indirect route?

Answer 50

letter units --> spelling to sound conversion --> speech output

Question 51

What is the interactive-activation model?

Answer 51

A connectionist model words are represented across different levels (words, letters, visual features) - the levels interact with each other how we read ambiguous information

Question 52

What is the Connectionist Models of Reading?

Answer 52

Says everything is processed the same way (the assumption is that we always process phonology when we read). The same process is used for nonwords (except semantic unit is not activated) Three units that interact with each other: semantic units (except for nonwords), phonological units, orthographic/letter units

Question 53

What is the main assumption of the connectionist models of reading?

Answer 53

We always process phonology when we read.

Question 54

the effect that shows that reading can be automatic

Answer 54

The Stroop effect - we can't stop even if we really try