Speech

Question 1

processing one thing at a time (more items = more time)

Answer 1

serial processing

Question 2

process everything at the same time (all aspects - more items = same amount of time)

Answer 2

parallel processing

Question 3

Does serial processing or parallel processing end up with more errors?

Answer 3

Parallel processing

Question 4

processes operate independently

Answer 4

modular

Question 5

processes interact and affect each other

Answer 5

interactive

Question 6

Vowels are ______ airflow

Answer 6

unobstructed

Question 7

Consonants are _________ airflow

Answer 7

obstructed

Question 8

Three properties of consonants:

Answer 8

Place (bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal)
Manner (stops, fricatives, affricatives, nasals, liquids, glides)
Voicing (voiced/voiceless)

Question 9

Spectrograms are:

Answer 9

“Visual speech”

Question 10

Three components of spectrograms:

Answer 10

Frequency of the acoustic signal - speech sounds consist of several frequencies (y-axis)
Time - all speech signals have a temporal aspect (x-axis)
Intensity - darkness/color (3D aspect)

Question 11

phonemes are encoded at the same time with no breaks between phonemes

Answer 11

Parallel transmission

Question 12

it’s acoustically hard to tell where words begin and end; but we have no problem perceiving words

Answer 12

Segmentation problem

Question 13

The Lack of Invariance problem

Answer 13

there is no one-to-one correspondence between the acoustic cues and the phonemes perceived (the challenge of understanding speech!)

Question 14

One phoneme can have many ______ acoustic cues

Answer 14

different

Question 15

The psychological definition of a phoneme

Answer 15

a category of sounds that we perceive to be the same sound

Question 16

Source of variability in speech perception (3)

Answer 16

Coarticulation, speaker variability, sloppy speech

Question 17

overlapping of articulation of phonemes

Answer 17

Coarticulation (related to parallel transmission)

Question 18

How we say a sound is affected by what comes ____________

Answer 18

before and after it

Question 19

What are examples of variability between speakers?

Answer 19

gender
pitch
accent
speed
age

Question 20

What is having variability within speakers?

Answer 20

People are sloppy speakers!

Question 21

Experiment testing variability within speakers

Answer 21

Pollack and Pickett - cut up conversations, words in context were easy to understand, just words were hard to identify

Question 22

Perception of non-speech is ___________

Answer 22

continuous

Question 23

Perception of consonants is __________

Answer 23

categorical

Question 24

What is categorical perception?

Answer 24

It reflects how people perceive different sounds to be the same phoneme

Question 25

What is Voice-Onset Time (VOT)?

Answer 25

time between consonant release and voice start

Question 26

What is the phonemic boundary?

Answer 26

location on graph where perception changes from /ba/ to /pa/ (or with other minimal pairs); not the same for all people

Question 27

(T/F) Vowels show categorical perception

Answer 27

FALSE.

Question 28

With more time for processing, an instant ID is ___________

Answer 28

less important

Question 29

What is the McGurk effect?

Answer 29

shows that perception is a compromise between what is heard and what is seen; very robust (consistent)

Question 30

What is the original McGurk effect?

Answer 30

You see a speaker articulating /ga/, hear /ba/ through headphones, but perceive that the speaker is saying /da/

Question 31

The McGurk Effect is (bottom-up processing/top-down processing) (pick one)

Answer 31

Bottom up processing

Question 32

What is the motor theory of speech perception?

Answer 32

We use our knowledge of production to understand speech (not consciously) Addresses the lack of invariance problem: perception is based on articulatory information and not just the signal

Question 33

Speech perception based on acoustic information is:

Answer 33

Bottom-up processing

Question 34

Speech perception based on context, semantics, and syntactic information (language knowledge) is:

Answer 34

Top-down processing

Question 35

What are the three stages of the Cohort Model?

Answer 35

1. Select a set of candidates (a cohort) - based on phonemic information - bottom-up processing 2. Narrow the set based on more information and other variables (e.g., frequency) - can be weighted by parts of speech (recognition point: the point at which a word is unique - can be auditory or visual) 3. The item is fit into the context

Question 36

What is the TRACE model?

Answer 36

Words are represented across different levels Words - all the words you know Phonemes - every phoneme in your language Features - ex. Acoustic features These three levels interact with each other

Question 37

What are the three levels of the TRACE model?

Answer 37

Words, phonemes, features (these three levels interact with each other)

Question 38

What are examples of top-down effects?

Answer 38

``` Context effects Illusions Phonemic restoration Verbal transofmration Sine wave speech Backward speech ```

Question 39

Perception of consonants are __________

Answer 39

categorical

Question 40

Perception of vowels are ___________

Answer 40

noncategorical

Question 41

Perception of tones are _________

Answer 41

continuous

Question 42

the "music" of language

Answer 42

Prosody

Question 43

What do prosodic factors do?

Answer 43

affect the overall utterance meaning

Question 44

What are the five prosodic factors?

Answer 44

``` (STRIP) stress tone rate intonation pausing ```

Question 45

use of pitch over phrases

Answer 45

Intonation

Question 46

emphasis given to syllables/words

Answer 46

Stress

Question 47

use of pitch over words

Answer 47

tone

Question 48

speed of speech

Answer 48

rate/length

Question 49

breaks (e.g., commas) in speech

Answer 49

pausing

Question 50

(T/F) In English, rate of speech changes the meaning.

Answer 50

True

Question 51

"It's time to go," vs. "It'stimetogo" is an example of the prosodic factor:

Answer 51

Rate/length

Question 52

The three qualities of stress

Answer 52

louder longer higher pitch

Question 53

(T/F) Which word you stress in a sentence does not change meaning.

Answer 53

False. The word you stress changes meaning.

Question 54

"Got the keys?" vs. "Got the keys." is an example of the prosodic factor:

Answer 54

Intonation

Question 55

Intonation for questions is usually _________.

Answer 55

Rising

Question 56

Why are there increased misunderstandings with emails and texts?

Answer 56

Because there is no intonation | When we write it we hear the intonation, but the readers 'top-down' prosody to be consistent with their expectations

Question 57

This prosodic factor is found in tonal languages such as Chinese

Answer 57

Tone

Question 58

"Coffee cake and honey" vs. "Coffee, cake, and honey" is am example of the prosodic factor _________.

Answer 58

Pausing