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Neuro m101a > reading vocab > Flashcards

reading vocab Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

sound

A

pressure waves generated by vibrating air molecules

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2
Q

tonotopy

A

the spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequencies are processed in the brain

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3
Q

superior olivary complex

A

the first point at which info from the two ears interacts at the site of the initial processing of the cues that allow for localizing sound in space

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4
Q

inferior colliculus

A

the first point at which auditory info can interact with the motor system

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5
Q

tympanic membrane

A

the eardrum

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6
Q

oval window

A

the site where the bones of the middle ear contact the inner ear

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7
Q

ossicles

A

the three small interconnected middle ear bones which connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window

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8
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

damage to the external or middle ear, which lowers the efficiency at which sound energy is transferred to the inner ear

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9
Q

hyperacusis

A

flaccid paralysis of the tensor tympani or the stapedius which can trigger a painful sensitivity to moderate or low-intensity sounds

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10
Q

cochlea

A

where the energy from sonically generated pressure waves is transformed into neural impulses

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11
Q

round window

A

a region of the inner ear where the bone is absent surrounding the cochlea

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12
Q

cochlear partition

A

a flexible structure that bisects the cochlea and supports the basilar and tectorial membranes

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13
Q

stereocilia

A

mechanosensing organelles of hair cells which respond to fluid motion

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14
Q

perilymph

A

a fluid that bathes the based end of the hair-cell body

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15
Q

tuning curve

A

a graph of auditory threshold intensity at various frequencies for a single neuron

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16
Q

medial superior olive

A

a collection of brainstem nuclei that computes tiny inter aural time differences

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17
Q

lateral superior olive

A

employs intensity to localize the sound source

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18
Q

medial geniculate complex

A

a part in the thalamus that is an obligatory relay for all ascending auditory information destined for the cortex

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19
Q

the auditory cortex

A

plays a major role in our conscious perception of sound, including recognition and speech

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20
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

receives point–to-point input from the ventral division of the medial geniculate complex

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21
Q

odorants

A

volatile chemical stimuli that interact with the olfactory receptor neurons found in the olfactory epithelium that lines the interior of the nose

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22
Q

pyriform cortex

A

a three-layered archicortex dedicated to olfaction

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23
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

a sheet of neurons and supporting cells that lines ~ half of the surface of the nasal cavity

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24
Q

olfactory receptor neurons

A

bipolar cells that give rise to unmyelinated axons that transmit olfactory info centrally

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25
Bowman's gland
secretory specializations that produce mucus
26
nasal mucosa
mucus layer + epithelium with neural and supporting cells
27
glomerulus
a square structure in the olfactory bulb where synapses form between the terminals of the olfactory nerve and the dendrites of mitral, periglomerular and tufted cells
28
mitral cells
the principal projection neurons of the olfactory bulb
29
granule cells
the innermost layer of the vertebrate olfactory bulb
30
lateral olfactory tract
a bundle of mitral cell axons from each olfactory bulb
31
taste buds
epithelial specialization of gustatory cells
32
taste cells
peripheral receptors found in taste buds distributed on the dorsal surface of the tongue
33
neural coding
the way that the identity, concentration, and hedonic value of tastants is represented in the pattern of action potentials relayed to the brain from the taste buds
34
trigeminal chemoreception
a specialized component of the pain and temperature sensing somatosensory pathways in the head and neck
35
pseudounipolar neuron
a sensory neuron in the PNS that contains an axon with one branch running to the periphery and the other to the spinal cord
36
sensory transduction
the process of converting the energy of a stimulus into an electrical signal
37
mechanoreceptors
sensory receptors that respond to mechanical pressure or distortion
38
free nerve endings
afferent fibers that lack specialized receptor cells
39
receptive field
the area of the skin surface over which stimulation results in a significant change in the rate of action potentials
40
rapidly adapting afferents
afferents that become quiescent in the face of continued stimulation
41
slowly adapting afferents
afferents that provide info about the spatial attributes of the stimulus
42
haptics
active touching
43
merkel cell afferents
excitable cells that express voltage-sensitive calcium channels and modulate the activity of the afferents rather than serve as the site of transduction
44
Meissner afferents
rapidly adapting fibers that densely innervate the skin
45
Pacinian afferents
fibers deep in the dermis surrounded by concentric layers of membranes
46
Ruffini afferents
slowly adapting fibers
47
trigeminal ganglion
a nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions
48
mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
a well defined cluster of neurons lying at the lateral extent of the midbrain
49
ventral posterior complex
the somato-sensory relay nucleus in the thalamus
50
primary somatic sensory cortex
the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch
51
nociceptors
the relatively unspecialized nerve cell endings that initiate the sensation of pain
52
anterolateral system
an ascending pathway that conveys pain, temp, and crude touch from the periphery to the brain
53
nondiscriminative touch
a form of tactile sensitivity that lacks the finite spatial resolution that can be supplied only by the dorsal column system
54
eye
a fluid-filled sphere enclosed by three layers of tissue
55
retina
the innermost layer of the eye that contains neurons that are sensitive to light and are capable of transmitting visual signals to central targets converts graded electrical activity into action potentials that travel via the optic nerve
56
ciliary body
a ring of tissue that encircles the lens and consists of a muscular and vascular component
57
uveal tract
choroid + ciliary body + iris
58
iris
the colored portion of the eye that can be seen through the cornea
59
pupil
eye muscle that is adjusted by neural control
60
sclera
eye muscle that forms the outermost tissue of the eye
61
cornea
a specialized transparent tissue that permits light rays to enter the eye
62
anterior chamber
the area just behind the corner and in front of the lends
63
aqueous humon
a clear, watery liquid that supplies nutrients to the cornea and lens
64
posterior chamber
the region between the lends and the iris
65
glaucoma
failure of adequate drainage of aqueous humor
66
vitreous humor
a thick gelatinous substance between the back of the lends and the surface of the retina
67
accommodation
dynamic changes in the refractive power of the lens
68
zonule fibers
radially arranged connective tissue bands that hold the lend in place
69
fundus
inner surface of the retina
70
optic disk
whitish circular area where retinal axons leave the eye and travel through the optic nerve to reach target structures in the thalamus and midbrain
71
macula lutea
an oval spot containing yellow pigment
72
fovea
the center of the macula
73
dichromatic
only two bandwidths of light are needed to match all the colors that can be perceived
74
anomalous trichomats
3 light sources (small, medium, and large) are needed to make all possible color matches
75
on-center gangion cells
produce a burst of action potentials when a spot of light is turned on in the receptive field center
76
off-center ganglion cells
reduces the rate of discharge when a spot of light is turned on in the receptive field center
77
pretectum
a collection of neurons that lies between the thalamus and the midbrain
78
superior colliculus
a structure of the midbrain that coordinates head and eye movements to visual targets
79
point of fixation
the point in visual space that falls on the fovea
80
binocular field
two symmetrical visual hemifields
81
anopsias
relatively large visual field deficits
82
mascular sparing
the loss of vision throughout wide areas of the visual field, with the exception of foveal vision
83
stereopsis
the sensation of depth that arises from viewing nearby objects with two eyes instead of one
84
olfactory ensheathing cells
glial cells that surround axons in the olfactory nerve and bulb
85
principle nucleus
component of the trigeminal complex that corresponds to the dorsal column nuclei that relay mechanosensory info from the test
86
spinal nucleus
component of the trigeminal complex that contains neurons that are sensitive to pain, temperature and course touch
87
dissociated sensory loss
contralateral pain and temperature, ipsilateral touch and pressure
88
sensory-descriminative aspects of pain
the location, intensity, and quality of the noxious stimulation
89
affective-motivation aspects of pain
the unpleasant feeling, the fear and anxiety, and the autonomic activation that accompany exposure to a noxious stimulus
90
myopic
people who are unable to bring distant objects into clear focus; nearsightedness
91
hyperopic
people who are unable to focus on near objets; farsightedness
92
horizontal cells
enable lateral interactions between photoreceptors and bipolar cells that are thought to maintain the visual system's sensitivity to contrast over a wide range of light intensities
93
amacrine cells
neurons that are postsynaptic to bipolar cell terminals and presynaptic to the dendrites of ganglion cells

Neuro m101a (3 decks)

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