Readings Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
WHO’s definition of “health promotion”
A
The process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, thereby improving their health
2
Q
Methods of health promotion
A
Patient education
Identify risk factors
Routine screening tests
3
Q
Head signs of systemic disease
A
Sunken cheeks
Wasting of temporal muscles
Flushing of face
4
Q
Who first described goiters and when?
A
Asians 1500 BCE
Recognized that seaweed (iodine) in the diet helped make goiters small
5
Q
MC endocrine cancer?
A
Thyroid
6
Q
____ is the ___ leading site of new cancers in women
A
Thyroid
5th
7
Q
What is the fastest increasing cancer occurring in both men and women?
A
Thyroid
8
Q
85% of all head and neck cancers are linked to ____
A
Tobacco use
9
Q
How many bones in entire skull? How many in face?
A
22
14 in face
10
Q
Largest endocrine gland in the body
A
Thyroid
11
Q
How many lymph nodes on each side of the neck?
A
75+
12
Q
MC symptoms of the neck
A
Stiffness, mass
13
Q
Midline neck masses tend to be:
A
Benign/congenital
14
Q
Lateral neck masses tend to be:
A
Neoplastic
15
Q
Lateral neck masses tend to be:
A
Neoplastic
16
Q
Lateral upper neck masses may be mets from:
A
Head and neck tumors
17
Q
Lateral lower neck masses may be mets from:
A
Breast and stomach tumors
18
Q
MC cause of neck stiffness is:
A
Muscle sprain or strain
19
Q
Hard thyroid gland:
A
Cancer or scarring
20
Q
Softness/sponginess of thyroid:
A
Toxic goiter
21
Q
Tenderness of thyroid:
A
Acute infections or hemorrhage
22
Q
Bruit in thyroid gland
A
Toxic goiter
23
Q
Bruit in thyroid gland
A
Toxic goiter
24
Q
What is the MC cause of thyroid enlargement worldwide?
A
Iodine deficiency
25
Plummer's disease
Single toxic nodule of thyroid
26
80-90% of thyroid cancers are what type(s)?
Papillary and follicular
27
What is the only thyroid cancer that develops from C cells?
Medullary
28
World's leading preventable cause of blindness?
Trachoma (caused by Chlamydia trachomatis)
29
World's leading preventable cause of blindness?
Trachoma (caused by Chlamydia trachomatis)
30
Why are many infants born with blue eyes?
At birth, there is little pigment in the iris
31
By what age does the iris complete pigmentation?
6 months
32
The lens is more ___ at birth than later in life
Spherical
33
Most infants are born _____ (myopic, hyperopic)?
Hyperopic (farsighted)
34
Arcus senilis
Infiltration of cholesterol deposits around the limbus of the cornea
Occurs in elderly patients
35
Hemianopsia
Loss of 1/2 a visual field
36
Quadrantanopsia
Field loss in one quadrant
"Pie in the sky"
37
Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN)
Rapid nystagmus that occurs when eyes try to fixate on a moving target (e.g. train station sign)
38
Strabismus
Deviated, crossed eye
39
Esotropia
Deviation of an eye nasally
40
Hypertropia
Deviation of an eye upward
41
Alternating tropia
Either eye deviates
42
Amblyopia
Loss of visual acuity secondary to suppression (only in children)
43
How long is amblyopia reversible?
Until retinas are fully developed (~7 yrs old)
44
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
Genetic condition of progressive symmetric ptosis and weakness of EOMs
45
Lagophthalmos
Inability to close eyelids completely - thyroid disease secondary to orbital infiltration
46
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Congenital condition recognized by port wine stain (nevus flammeus) on one side of the face
Follows distribution of 1+ divisions of trigeminal nerve
47
____ have highest incidence of any malignant ocular tumor
Eyelids
48
95% of ocular malignancies are ____ (type)
Basal cell carcinoma
49
Icterus
Yellowish sclera d/t retention of bilirubin
50
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Bluish sclera
| Hereditary disorder w/bone fragility
51
Scleromalacia perforans
Uncommon
| Painless appearance of dehiscences in sclera
52
Scleromalacia perforans
Uncommon
| Painless appearance of dehiscences in sclera
53
Kayser-Fleischer ring
Golden to greenish-brown ring near limbus of cornea superior and inferior
Sign of Wilson's disease (disorder of copper metabolism)
54
Kayser-Fleischer ring
Golden to greenish-brown ring near limbus of cornea superior and inferior
Sign of Wilson's disease (disorder of copper metabolism)
55
Munson's sign
Way to detect keratoconus
Pt looks downward and cone-shaped cornea becomes obvious
56
Munson's sign
Way to detect keratoconus
Pt looks downward and cone-shaped cornea becomes obvious
57
Anisocoria
Unequal pupil sizes
58
Argyll Robertson pupil
Prostitute's eye - it will accommodate but doesn't react
Neurosyphilis
59
Adie's tonic pupil
dilated 3-6mm, constricts little in response to light/accommodation
60
Adie's tonic pupil
dilated 3-6mm, constricts little in response to light/accommodation
61
Iris coloboma
Notch or gap in the iris
62
Keratic precipitates
"Muddy iris"
| Deposition of inflammatory cells on corneal endothelium
63
"Candy cane" hyphema
Blood breakdown products + fresh blood creating alternating red/white hyphema
64
"Candy cane" hyphema
Blood breakdown products + fresh blood creating alternating red/white hyphema
65
Optic pit
Congenital small depression located temporally in 75% of cases, yellow or gray
66
MC cause of blindness
Cataracts
67
Leading cause of blindness in Americans 20-75 yo
Diabetic retinopathy
68
Papilledema
Swelling of optic disc
69
Hollenhorst plaques
Cholesterol emboli found at bifurcation of retinal arteries
70
MC malignant tumor of retina and telltale sign
Retinoblastoma
| Leukocoria (white pupil)
71
Head tilt may signal ___ weakness
EOM
72
MC cause of conductive hearing loss in 15-50 yo
Otosclerosis
73
MC cause of conductive hearing loss in 15-50 yo
Otosclerosis
74
Rhinitis medicamentosa
Nasal spray abuse
75
MC cause of anosmia
Nasal polyps
76
Anosmia
Loss of smell
77
Rhinitis medicamentosa
Rhinitis caused by nasal spray abuse
78
MC cause of anosmia
Nasal polyps
79
Anosmia
Loss of smell
80
Tophi
Deposits of uric acid crystals - appear as hard nodules in external ear
81
Tophi
Deposits of uric acid crystals - appear as hard nodules in external ear
82
Rhinophyma
Prominent hypertrophy of sebaceous glands of the nose
83
More than 90% of ____ patients have at least 1 oral manifestation of their disease
HIV
84
Pickwickian syndrome
Obstructive sleep apnea
85
Bruxism
Grinding of the teeth
86
Primary dentition - how many teeth and what ages does it occur?
20 teeth - 6 to 30 months old
87
Secondary dentition - how many teeth and what ages does it occur?
32 teeth - 6 to 22 years old
88
Largest salivary gland
Parotid
89
Ptyalism
Excessive salivation
90
Xerostomia
Dry mouth
91
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome
Multiple telangiecactic lesions on tongue and in GI tract
92
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Brown pigmentary changes on the lips
93
Fordyce's spots
Small yellow papules on buccal mucus membrane
94
Angular cheilitis
Macerated, fissured lesions in corners of mouth
HIV pts
95
What kind of disease has had largest rise of any leading cause of death?
Lung disease
96
COPD is the ___ leading cause of death in the US over ____
3rd, stroke
97
T/F: COPD kills more men than women.
False
98
Uninfected sputum
Odorless, transparent, whitish-gray
99
Infected sputum
Purulent, yellow/green/red
100
MC cause of hemoptysis
Bronchitis
101
Dyspnea
Subjective sensation of SOB
102
Tachypnea
Objective finding of rapid breathing
103
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Classic = run to the window for "air"
Upright position improves the pt
104
Platypnea
Rare symptom of difficulty breathing while sitting up
105
Trepopnea
Pt is more comfortable breathing while laying on one side
106
Trepopnea
Pt is more comfortable breathing while laying on one side
107
Wheezing
Abnormally high pitched noise from partially blocked airway
Usually expiration
108
Stridor
Harsh, noisy breathing usually a/w obstruction of a major bronchus
109
_____ are greater than 2-fold higher in asthmatic children than general population
Emotional disorders
110
Barrel chest
Increase in AP diameter
111
Flail chest
One chest wall moves paradoxically inward during inspiration
112
Pectus excavatum
Funnel chest
| Depression of sternum
113
Pectus carinatum
Pigeon breast
| Anterior protrusion of sternum
114
Kussmaul's breathing
Increased depth of breathing a/w metabolic acidosis
115
Kussmaul's breathing
Increased depth of breathing a/w metabolic acidosis
116
Bronchial breath sounds
Heard over manubrium
| Loud, high pitched, expiratory phase is louder/longer
117
Bronchovesicular breath sounds
1st/2nd ICS (anterior), between scapulae posteriorly
Equal length phases
118
Bronchovesicular breath sounds
1st/2nd ICS (anterior), between scapulae posteriorly
Equal length phases
119
Vesicular breath sounds
Soft, low pitched, heard over most lung fields, longer inspiratory
120
Adventitious breath sounds
Abnormal
121
Crackles/rales
Short, discontinuous, nonmusical sounds heard mostly in inspiration
122
Wheezes
Continous, musical, high pitched sounds mostly in expiration
123
Rhonchi
Lower pitched, sonorous sounds
124
Pleural rubs
Grating sound, end of inspiration/beginning of expiration
125
Distant breath sounds
Term for "very soft" sounds
126
Who created guidelines for documentation and what years?
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS)
1995, 1997 (minor differences)
127
ICD codes - define and when were they estabilished
International Classification of Diseases - codes reported for insurance/billing
9 was released 1979
10 was released 2013
128
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)
Signed in 2009 by Obama to provide more $$$ for EMR development
129
HIPAA was enacted by who and in what year?
Congress in 1996
130
Types of pain scales
Simple descriptive, 0-10 scale, visual analog scale, face scale
131
Clubbing
Angle between normal nail base and finger (Lovibond's) becomes > 180 degrees
