Ready Made Csv

Question 1

What are proximate explanations?

Answer 1

How? Mechanisms of behavior (hormones, cues, learning, genes).

Question 2

What are ultimate explanations?

Answer 2

Evolutionary functions (selective advantages, phylogeny).

Question 3

What are the 4 levels of analysis, and state wether ultimate and proximate?

Answer 3

Adaptive value (ultimate), evolutionary history (ultimate), neural-hormonal (proximate), genetic-developmental (proximate).

Question 4

What is a scientific hypothesis?

Answer 4

Testable and falsifiable proposed explanation.

Question 5

How can hypotheses in Behavioral Ecology be tested?

Answer 5

1) Comparison within species, 2) Experiments, 3) Comparison among species.

Question 6

What is sexual selection?

Answer 6

Selection due to variance in mating success.

Question 7

What is postcopulatory mate choice?

Answer 7

Females influence paternity after mating via sperm selection or storage.

Question 8

Why does sexual conflict occur?

Answer 8

Optimal outcomes for males and females often differ.

Question 9

What are direct benefits of mate choice?

Answer 9

Territory, parental care, nuptial gifts, protection.

Question 10

What are indirect benefits of mate choice?

Answer 10

Offspring genetic quality, attractive sons.

Question 11

What is sensory bias?

Answer 11

Male traits exploit pre-existing female sensory preferences.

Question 12

What is Fisherian runaway?

Answer 12

Preference and trait co-evolve, producing ‘sexy sons.’

Question 13

What is the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis?

Answer 13

Females choose mates with fewer parasites (good genes).

Question 14

What is monogamy?

Answer 14

One mate (rare in mammals, common socially in birds).

Question 15

What is polygyny?

Answer 15

One male mates with multiple females.

Question 16

What is polyandry?

Answer 16

One female mates with multiple males.

Question 17

What is promiscuity?

Answer 17

Both sexes mate with multiple partners.

Question 18

What is lek polygyny?

Answer 18

Males display in leks; females choose mates.

Question 19

What is a conditional strategy?

Answer 19

Tactic depends on individual state (size, age, condition).

Question 20

What is an Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS)?

Answer 20

Strategy stable against invasion by alternative strategies.

Question 21

Why is male parental care more common in fish?

Answer 21

External fertilization provides higher paternity certainty.

Question 22

What is parental investment?

Answer 22

Trade-off between current offspring care and future reproduction.

Question 23

What is brood parasitism?

Answer 23

Laying eggs in others’ nests; hosts provide care.

Question 24

What are parental effects?

Answer 24

Parental experience influences offspring phenotype via environment, hormones, epigenetics.

Question 25

What is transgenerational epigenetic inheritance?

Answer 25

Inheriting non-genetic traits (e.g. DNA methylation changes).

Question 26

Why is food supplementation important for hihi?

Answer 26

Increases clutch size, fledging success, recruitment.

Question 27

What causes sex ratio skew in kakapo?

Answer 27

Resource abundance → more males produced.

Question 28

What does optimal foraging maximize?

Answer 28

Net fitness gain (energy gained – energy spent).

Question 29

What is the Marginal Value Theorem?

Answer 29

Predicts optimal time spent in resource patches.

Question 30

What is associative learning?

Answer 30

Learning association between two stimuli (classical conditioning).

Question 31

What is spatial learning?

Answer 31

Using environmental cues to relocate resources.

Question 32

What is social learning?

Answer 32

Learning through observing others.

Question 33

What is aposematism?

Answer 33

Warning coloration signaling toxicity.

Question 34

What is Batesian mimicry?

Answer 34

Harmless species mimics harmful one.

Question 35

What is Mullerian mimicry?

Answer 35

Two harmful species share warning signals.

Question 36

What is dilution effect?

Answer 36

Risk of predation reduced by group size.

Question 37

What is inclusive fitness?

Answer 37

Direct + indirect fitness via kin selection.

Question 38

What is Hamilton’s Rule?

Answer 38

Help when rB > C.

Question 39

What is selfish restraint?

Answer 39

Less selfish with close relatives.

Question 40

What stabilizes cooperation?

Answer 40

Kin selection, by-product benefits, reciprocity, enforcement.

Question 41

What is the Prisoner's Dilemma?

Answer 41

Model showing instability of cooperation.

Question 42

What defines eusociality?

Answer 42

Overlapping generations, reproductive division of labor, cooperative care.

Question 43

What is haplodiploidy?

Answer 43

Males haploid, females diploid → relatedness differences.

Question 44

What is stigmergy?

Answer 44

Indirect coordination via environmental cues.

Question 45

What is the difference between signal and cue?

Answer 45

Signals evolve for communication; cues are incidental.

Question 46

Give an example of dishonest signal

Answer 46

Dishonest wasp facial patterns receive aggression.

Question 47

How do parasites manipulate hosts?

Answer 47

Alter behaviour to increase transmission.

Question 48

What is sexual conflict?

Answer 48

Males and females have opposing reproductive interests.

Question 49

What is antagonistic coevolution?

Answer 49

Reciprocal evolutionary changes between interacting species.

Question 50

What is the life-dinner principle?

Answer 50

Parasites face stronger selection (higher cost of failure).

Question 51

What is Red Queen coevolution?

Answer 51

Constant evolutionary arms race with no clear winner.

Question 52

What affects parasite virulence?

Answer 52

Mode of transmission, host-parasite history.

Question 53

How does parasite host-switching occur?

Answer 53

Parasites colonize new hosts → incongruent phylogenies.