Reason

Question 1

Ad hominem

Answer 1

attacking or supporting a person, rather than an argument (fallacy)

Question 2

Begging the question

Answer 2

aka circular reasoning;

assuming the truth of something that you’re supposed to be proving (fallacy)

Question 3

Belief bias

Answer 3

tendency we have to believe that an argument is valid because we believe the conclusion

Question 4

binary thinking

Answer 4

seeing the world in black and white terms (reason for fallacy of false dilemma)

Question 5

circular reasoning

Answer 5

assuming the truth of something that you’re supposed to be proving
aka begging the question

Question 6

law of non-contradiction

Answer 6

law of thought that states that nothing can both be A and not A

Question 7

deduction

Answer 7

reasoning from general to particular

Question 8

double standards

Answer 8

making an exception in your own case that you would not find acceptable if it came form someone else

Question 9

enthymere

Answer 9

incomplete arguments that are based on assumed but not stated premises

Question 10

equivocation

Answer 10

fallacy; when a word is used in two different senses in an argument

Question 11

fallacy

Answer 11

invalid patterns of reasoning that are well known, and people are committed to

Question 12

false analogy

Answer 12

assume that because two things are similar in some respects, they must also be similar in other respects

Question 13

false dilemma

Answer 13

fallacy of assuming that only two alternatives exist when there is in face a wide range of options

Question 14

hasty generalizations

Answer 14

problem with inductive reasoning becasue we jump to conclusions with insufficient evidence, and is made worse by confirmaton bias

Question 15

induction

Answer 15

reasoning that is particular to general, or observed to unobserved

Question 16

infinite regress

Answer 16

all proof must end somewhere, and it is an endless chain of reasoning

Question 17

lateral thinking

Answer 17

way of thinking that “thinks outside the box”

Question 18

laws of thought

Answer 18

why logical reasoning is difficult to doubt

1. law of identity
2. law of non-contradition
3. law of the exchanged middle

Question 19

loaded questions

Answer 19

question that contains a built-in assumption that has not been justified and may be false

Question 20

post hoc ergo propter hoc

Answer 20

becasue B follows A, A must be the cause of B (fallacy)

Question 21

premise

Answer 21

assumptions put into place before drawing conclusions

Question 22

prison of consistencey

Answer 22

once you have taken a postiion on something, it is difficult to change your mind

Question 23

quantifier

Answer 23

tells the quantity that is being referred to (ie all, some, no)

Question 24

rationalization

Answer 24

use of any argument to defend your postion, or make up reasons to justify previous prejudice

Question 25

rationalism

Answer 25

school of thought in which reason is the most important source of knoweldge

Question 26

rhetoric

Answer 26

art of persuasion based on logic

Question 27

special pleading

Answer 27

fallacy; using double standards to justify an argument

Question 28

syllogism

Answer 28

form of deductive reasoning consisting ofL 1. two premises and a conclusion 2. three ideas, each of which occurs twice 3. quantifiers

Question 29

validity

Answer 29

about arguments: whether conclusions follow logically from premises, but does not have to be true

Question 30

vested interest

Answer 30

type of bias that leads one to support the person, not the argument (fallacy)