Reasoning and Intelligence Flashcards
When Jaime was younger, his dad threw a baseball accidentally hitting Jaime in the abdomen. A few years later, Jaime remembers this experience and consequently catches the baseball in order to avoid getting hit again. The processes by which Jaime uses his memory and knowledge about this past event in an adaptive way is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_, and Jamie's general capacity to reason is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_. Select one: a. reasoning; analogies b. intelligence; reasoning c. analogies; reasoning d. reasoning; intelligence
d. reasoning; intelligence
The processes by which humans use their memories in adaptive ways is called \_\_\_\_\_, while general capacity to reason is referred to as \_\_\_\_\_. Select one: a. intelligence; well-being b. reasoning; intelligence c. intelligence; reasoning d. well-being; reasoning
b. reasoning; intelligence
The idea that there are two general ways to problem solve: one which is fast and automatic, while the other is slow and deliberate, is characterized by: Select one: a. explicit processing b. dual-processing theories c. implicit processing. d. double-processing theories
b. dual-processing theories
How does a useful analogy differ from a misleading analogy?
Select one:
a. The useful analogy is simple because it primarily involves comparing very similar things (events, systems, etc.).
b. The useful analogy is familiar to the average person, which tends to increase persuasiveness.
c. The structural relationships in the useful analogy generally hold true.
d. The useful analogy is easily understood and remembered by nonexperts.
c. The structural relationships in the useful analogy generally hold true.
In which situation would the use of analogies NOT be beneficial? Select one: a. political reasoning b. judicial persuasion c. executive functions d. scientific reasoning
c. executive functions
Kiana is asked to complete the sequence 2, 4, 8, etc. What kind of reasoning task is represented by the sequence-completion problem 2, 4, 8, etc.? Select one: a. analogical b. deductive c. conditional d. inductive
d. inductive
Mina is running an experiment in which participants must interview a confederate and determine whether or not that person is an introvert or an extravert based on the confederate's own hypothesis. This is an example of \_\_\_\_\_ bias. Select one: a. availability b. confirmation c. scientific d. predictable-world
b. confirmation
Howard wakes up and finds his roommate asleep on his psychology textbook with multiple cans of energy drinks around him. Howard's first thought is that Charles must have a test today. Howard's thinking is BEST explained as: Select one: a. the predictable-world bias. b. inductive reasoning. c. the confirmation bias. d. mental quickness.
b. inductive reasoning.
When asked to estimate the average number of recorded terrorist acts per year since 1970, people will give higher estimates if there has recently been a highly publicized terrorist incident. This exemplifies: Select one: a. a mental set. b. the confirmation bias. c. the predictable-world bias. d. the availability bias.
d. the availability bias.
When asked about her thoughts on the most prevalent cause of death in the United States, Pamela answers that it is airplane accidents, because recently she has seen much media coverage on them. This tendency to give too much weight to information that comes easily to mind rather than to relevant information is known as the \_\_\_\_\_ bias. Select one: a. inductive b. availability c. confirmation d. predictable-world
b. availability
Peter Wason gave participants a set of three numbers and asked them to guess his rule for generating the sequence. He found that most subjects tested their hypotheses by generating sequences \_\_\_\_\_ with their current hypotheses, which led to \_\_\_\_\_ at the task. Select one: a. consistent; success b. consistent; failure c. inconsistent; success d. inconsistent; failure
b. consistent; failure
Karen's social psychology professor asked her to interview a group of high-school students in order to discover if they were extraverts or introverts. If she suspected they were extraverts, she asked such questions as, Do you like to meet new people? If she suspected they were introverts, she tended to ask if they were shy about meeting new people. This bias is best identified as the \_\_\_\_\_ bias. Select one: a. judgmental b. predictable-world c. confirmation d. availability
c. confirmation
When discussing the origins of psychology, Kevonne stated that Everyone from Leipzig is German. Wilhelm Wundt is from Leipzig. Therefore, Wilhelm Wundt is German. This is an example of using \_\_\_\_\_ reasoning to arrive at a specific idea (Wundt is German) from more general premises (for example, everyone from Leipzig is German). Select one: a. confirmatory b. deductive c. inductive d. analogical
b. deductive
In a study of college students’ deductive reasoning, Dr. Cesario gives participants the following problem: All living things need water. Roses need water. Therefore, roses are living things. Although the correct answer to the problem is indeterminate, about 70 percent of participants got the problem wrong because they thought the conclusion that roses are living things was valid. Why did so many participants incorrectly answer this problem?
Select one:
a. People are generally much better at solving deductive reasoning problems that are more abstract in nature than ones like the rose problem, which is very concrete.
b. Studies have shown that deductive reasoning is not fully developed until middle adulthood; thus, college students tend to perform poorly on these kinds of problems.
c. They thought they were being asked to reason about real-world facts and did not realize this was a logic problem.
d. Participants were influenced by their knowledge of the real world, which interfered with their ability to think purely in terms of logic.
d. Participants were influenced by their knowledge of the real world, which interfered with their ability to think purely in terms of logic.
Insight problems are:
Select one:
a. mathematical problems developed by the Piraha tribe of Brazil.
b. problems where people are not able to estimate when they will reach a solution
c. standard tests of reasoning developed in Western cultures and given to people in non-Western cultures.
d. problems that seek to answer the nature-nurture debate by presenting analogies and real-life examples.
b. problems where people are not able to estimate when they will reach a solution
Insight problems such as the candle problem require the problem solver to:
Select one:
a. use a mental model or diagram.
b. break out of a mental set.
c. make additional, risky assumptions.
d. use verbal reasoning rather than visualization.
b. break out of a mental set.
Rob wants to reattach the band of his wristwatch to the body of the watch. He realizes that, if he straightens out a paperclip and slides the clip through the end of the band and the body of the watch, he will have reattached the band. Rob has overcome the problem of \_\_\_\_\_, which involves viewing an object such as a paperclip only in terms of its usual purpose. Select one: a. resistance b. availability bias c. functional fixedness d. left-brain thinking
c. functional fixedness
How do people from non-Western cultures who are unschooled in Western-style reasoning typically differ from people raised in Western cultures in the way they sort objects into categories?
Select one:
a. They sort objects into more categories.
b. They typically fail to understand abstract taxonomies and sort by immediate function instead.
c. They tend to make finer distinctions and sort objects into more categories.
d. They often prefer to sort objects by immediate function rather than by abstract taxonomy.
d. They often prefer to sort objects by immediate function rather than by abstract taxonomy.
