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PHYSIOLOGY > RECALLS (Prelims) - Physiology of Aging & Special Environment > Flashcards

RECALLS (Prelims) - Physiology of Aging & Special Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

Refers to intrinsic changes occuring with age, unrelated to disease or environmental influences

A

Primary aging

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2
Q

A neutral free radical which has the potential to damage important biologic molecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA

A

Hydroxyl radical

  • ROS
    Neutral Strongest - Hydroxyl radical
    Hydrogen Molecule - Hydrogen peroxide
    Superoxide - Anion
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3
Q

Age-associated diseases are the following, EXCEPT:

a. Type 2 Diabetes
b. Alzheimer’s Disease
c. Hypercholesterolemia (Coronary Artery Disease)
d. Parkinson’s
e. Hypertention

A

e. Hypertension

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4
Q

What is the most reliable theory of aging

a. Mitochondrial damage
b. Glycation products
c. Damage exceed the repair

A

c. Damage exceed the repair

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5
Q

All are affected by aging, EXCEPT:

A

Parathyroid Hormone

  • pero kung may Thyroid Function (unaffected until 9th decade of life)
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6
Q

Hallmark of Nervous System aging

A

Slowing of Central Processing

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7
Q

Pressure at Sea Level

A

760 mmHg

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8
Q

Water vapor pressure level in the alveoli remains at 47 mmHg as long as the body temperature is normal, regardless of altitude. What is NOT TRUE:

A

Water vapor pressure in the alveoli is high at high altitude

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9
Q

What is not true regarding acclimitized natives

A

Body size Increased

  • Body Size: DECREASED
  • Chest Size: INCREASED
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10
Q

TRUE or FALSE

While diving on compressed air, the partial pressure of inhaled 02 increase, which increases depth. while percentage of inhaled 02 remains unchanged

A

TRUE

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11
Q

What are the early signs in a pilot when exposed to transient cerebral flow?

A

Loss of Central Vision + Loss of Color Perception

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12
Q

Immediate exposure to decreasing PO2 stimulates? ________
In acute cerebral edema, hypoxia causes vessels in the brain to cause __________, causing __________ blood flow in the capillaries causing __________.

A

Peripheral
Vasodilation
Increase
Increase

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13
Q

Increase major determinants of risks of decompression sickness

a. Depth
b. Time at Depth
c. Ascent Rate
d. Multiple Dives
e. All of the above

A

e. All of the above

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14
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Pressure is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to Volume

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15
Q

A scuba diver ascends from 20ft depth, where she has been for 15 minutes on her only dive of the day. HAZARDS INCLUDES

A

NEITHER Air Embolism nor Decompression Sickness

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Tissue angiogenesis seen in individuals in high altitude is triggered by hypoxia

A

TRUE

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17
Q

What will happen to inspired PN2 when descending beneath the water?

A

As barometric pressure increases, inspired PN2 also increases.​ An increase PN2 will cause more N2 to dissolve in pulmonary capillary blood.

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18
Q

Type of decompression sickness that presents chokes and staggers

A

Type II

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19
Q

Type of decompression sickness with niggles and bends

A

Type I

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20
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Weightlessness causes cephalad shift

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Exposure to microgravity would cause:

A

Translocation of bodily fluids
Motion sickness on first five days
Diminished physical activity
Spaceflight causes microgravity and increase in bone and muscle mass.

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22
Q

A climber attempts an assault on high mountain in Mt. Apo and reaches an altitude of 5000km (16,400 ft) below sea level. What will happen to arterial PCO2 and pH?

A

pH will increase amd PCO2 will decrease

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23
Q

If the chest wall were perfectly compliant, a breath holding dive to 20m below the surface would __________ the pressure and compress the air in the lungs to __________ volume.

A

Thrice

1/3

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24
Q

All forms of barotrauma, EXCEPT:

A

Bends

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25
TRUE or FALSE During descent air spaces decrease if the pressure inside the air space is the same as the pressure outside
FALSE
26
A climber ascents to an altitude of 4000m (13,000 ft) which of the physiological changes listed below will not likely to occur
Blood pH will fall
27
During the next few days in altitude, acclimatization occurs. There are mechanisms to cause slow increase in ventilation, which is not correct?
Spillage of HCO3 into urine that leads to osmotic diuresis and production of acidic urine (should be alkaline urine)
28
TRUE or FALSE Two effects of hyperventilation: 1. Brings alveolar PO2 to closer ambient PO2 2. Blows off CO2 Length of time and depth of dive is inversely proportional
TRUE
29
This occurs when bubble of gas causes the blockage of blood vessels that supply the heart, brain and other vital tissues:
Arterial Gas Embolism
30
This occurs when bubble of gas causes the blockage of blood vessels that supply the heart, brain and other vital tissues:
Low O2 in high altitude
31
A person in a orbiting satellite or non propelled spacecraft experiences near zero gravity force is called
Weightlessness and Microgravity
32
Following an extended dive why should the diver decompress slowly?
Allow enough time for dissolved N2 absorbed in tissues to blood to alveoli Allow enough time for dissolved O2 absorbed in tissues to blood to alveoli.
33
Following an extended dive, why should a diver decompress slowly?
Too rapid ascent causes N2 in the tissues to leave and form bubbles as barometric pressure falls
34
99ft underwater, you have compressed tank. As compared to the seawater level, the density and the volume of gas inside is?
Stays the same/unchanged
35
Chronic oxygen poisoning causes pulmonary disability. After only about 12hrs of 1 atm oxygen exposure, the following will happen, EXCEPT: a. Atelectasis b. Pulmonary edema c. Lung passageway congestion d. Pulmonary consolidation
d. Pulmonary Consolidation
36
About 4/5 of the air is nitrogen, the following are the effects of nitrogen to bodily function. Identify which one is NOT CORRECT.
When the diver remains beneath the sea for an hour or more, the depth at which the first symptoms of mild narcosis appear is 200ft. (Symptoms appear at 100ft)
37
A climber attempts an assault on high mountain in Mt. Apo and reaches an altitude of 5000km (16,400ft) below sea level. What will happen to his arterial PCO2 and pH?
pH will increase and PCO2 will decrease
38
At a depth of 66 ft, the air that enters the diver's lungs is?
3 times as dense
39
Which of the following is NOT TRUE in chronic mountain sickness: A) Increased hemoglobin binding B) Increase in red cell mass C) Mitochondria, ER enzymes D) Increase tissue vascularity
C) Mitochondria, ER enzymes
40
A diver is exposed to which gases?
NITROGEN OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE
41
Component of SCUBA which delivers air at ambient pressure to the diver
Demand valve regulator
42
Helium is more preferred than nitrogen in diving air mixture for the ff reasons, EXCEPT
It has a higher density than Nitrogen * Helium has lower density
43
Reduced number of retinal cones, lessened ability to alter to pupil size in response to light, decreased ability of retinal rods to adapt low intensity light
Presbyopia
44
Immediate exposure to decreasing PO2 | stimulates?
Peripheral chemoreceptors
45
Increases with advancing aging
Afterload
46
Postural Hypotensions in elderly
Due to | blunting of arterial body receptor
47
Increase in insulin growth factor 1
Longevity
48
Among the mechanism proposed as the cause | of aging , which among the ff is the most likely mechanism underlying the changes in aging
Long term imbalance between damage and | repair
49
The ff is associated with age related diseases, EXCEPT:
Hypertension
50
TRUE or FALSE Only a small portion of people are care dependent
TRUE
51
Primary factor affecting secondary | aging
Lifestyle
52
Decrease in height as grows older
Compression of cartilaginous disks cause | decrease in height
53
Changes seen in skeletal muscle of elderly
Decrease in muscle number not size
54
Chronic Oxygen poisoning causes pulmonary disability after only about 12 hours of one atmospheric oxygen. The ff may happen:
Pulmonary consolidation
55
Compartment of the body where nitrogen | empties slowly
Joints and fat
56
Hallmark of aging
Slowing of central processing
57
Immediate exposure to low O2 stimulates __________ chemoreceptors to __________ vasodilation
Peripheral | Increase
58
Independent aging
Taking medications
59
Not related to age specific disease
Hypercholesterolemia
60
Elderly can cook for herself
Independent Activities of Daily Living
61
What is the main problem in aviation | physiology
Low oxygen in high altitude
62
Type of decompression sickness that | affects the Nervous System
Type 2 DCS
63
During the next few days in altitude, acclimatization occurs. There are mechanisms to cause slow increase in ventilation, which is not correct?
Spillage of HCO3- into urine that leads to osmotic diuresis and production of acidic urine
64
A scuba diver ascends rapidly from 20 ft depth. 15 mins on her only dive of the day. Hazards include:
Air embolism
65
First warning symptom for transient | reduction of cerebral blood flow of pilot
Color perception
66
Density of air in 66ft deep than density at | sea level
Three times
67
What causes hearing loss in elderly
Loss of hair cells of organ of Corti
68
Changes in muscle during aging
Loss of muscle cell / decrease in number
69
Prevent over inflation
Boyle’s Law
70
Possible complication with breath holding | on ascending
Pulmonary barotrauma
71
Occurs during ascending to high altitude, | EXCEPT
pH will fall
72
Cardiovascular changes in aging, EXCEPT
Increase Preload
73
Hormones during aging, EXCEPT
Decrease in parathyroid hormone
74
Observable changes in vision during aging
Reduced number of retinal cones
75
Factors of pro aging, EXCEPT
Decrease repair
76
Seen in aging
Decrease gastric acid secretion
77
Elderly cause of malnourishment
Malabsorption
78
Deliver air in ambient pressure
Demand valve regulator
79
Chronic O2 poison can cause pulmonary disability. After only 12hrs at 1atm can cause the following, EXCEPT:
Pulmonary consolidation
80
State of near zero G Force
Weightlessness and microgravity
81
All forms of Barotrauma, EXCEPT
Bends
82
Alveolar PO2 at high altitudes, EXCEPT
Water vapor pressure increase in high altitude
83
First physiologic change in high altitude
Increase in heart rate
84
Effects of weightlessness, EXCEPT
Motion sickness after 5 days
85
Decreases in aging a. Insulin b. Parathyroid hormone c. Thyroid hormone d. None of the above
d. None of the above
86
How many liters of Nitrogen in the body at | sea level
1L
87
``` A climber attempts an assault on high mountain in Mt. Apo and reaches an altitude of 5000km (16000 ft) below sea level. What will happen to arterial PCO2 and pH ```
pH will increase, PCO2 will decrease
88
Aging cause modest decline in most endocrine function. Impairment in glucose tolerance is due to a. Decreased insulin production b. Decreased sensitivity to insulin c. Resistance to Insulin d. AOTA
d. AOTA
89
Bubbles that block vital organs
Arterial gas embolism
90
What happens to PN2 when diving
Increase Pb, increase inspired N2, more N2 dissolved in blood
91
Not involved in acclimatization
RER oxidative enzymes
92
Major problem in high altitude
Low O2 in high altitude
93
Which is true in Elderly
Decrease in gastric secretion
94
Several effects of altitude and low gas pressure on the human body as we ascend to higher altitude, which of the following doesn’t NOT happen
Water vapor pressure in alveoli increases (dapat remain lang @ 47 mmHg)
95
Holding your breath before diving causes
Barotrauma
96
In assessing elderly functions? Which of the following is considered under the Independent activity of daily living a. Eating b. Dressing c. In and out of the bed d. Bathe self completely e. Taking medication
e. Taking medication
97
What is the main problem in aviation physiology
Low oxygen at high altitude
98
According to _____, as you ascend you must expire additional volume to avoid lung expansion injury
Boyle's Law

PHYSIOLOGY (6 decks)

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