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2023 - Science Yearly Revision > Recipe book of the Universe > Flashcards

Recipe book of the Universe Flashcards

1
Q

Solar system definition

A

Gravitationally bound system of the sun and the objects that orbit around it

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2
Q

Galaxy

A

Huge collection of gas dust, billions of stars and their solar systems, held together by gravity

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3
Q

Star

A

Large, spherical celestial body consisting of a mass of gas that is hot enough to system nuclear fusion, thus producing radiant energy

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4
Q

Nebulae

A

Cloud of gas and dust in outer space, visible in night sky as an indistinct bright patch or as a dark silhouette against other luminous matter.

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5
Q

Relate colours of stars to their age

A
  • Younger stars: Blue, brighter, heavier, bigger, hotter
  • Older stars: Red, less bright, lightest, smaller, less hot
  • Older stars reduce the energy they emit as they run out of hydrogen
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6
Q

Electron description

A
  • Negative charge
  • Located in energy shells around nucleus
  • Responsible for reactivity
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7
Q

Neutrons description

A
  • Neutral charge
  • Located in nucleus
  • Holds together nucleus
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8
Q

Protons description

A
  • Positive charge
  • Located inside nucleus
  • Determines atom identity
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9
Q

What does the atomic number represent?

A

Amount of protons

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10
Q

What is the chemical symbol?

A

The shortened version of an element’s name

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11
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

Approximately equivalent to number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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12
Q

Group meaning

A

How many electrons are on the valence shell of an atom, displayed vertically on the periodic table

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13
Q

Period meaning

A

Number of electron shells an atom has, displayed horizontally on the periodic table

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14
Q

General properties of elements on left side of periodic table (group 1 and 2)

A
  • Low melting points
  • Highly reactive
  • Malleable, solid metals
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15
Q

General properties of elements on right side of periodic table (group 7 and 8)

A
  • Low boiling points
  • Highly reactive (except noble gases)
  • Non-metals
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16
Q

Features of Alkali metals (Group 1)

A
  • High thermal and electrical conductivity
  • Shiny lustre
  • Ductile, malleable, soft
  • Low melting and boiling points
  • Very high reactivity
17
Q

Features of Alkaline earth metals (Group 2)

A
  • good electrical conductivity
  • shiny lustre
  • low density, melting, and boiling points
  • somewhat reactive
18
Q

Features of Halogens (Group 7)

A
  • low melting and boiling points
  • fairly toxic
  • includes gases, liquids, and solids
  • salt producing
  • highly reactive
19
Q

Features of Noble gases (Group 8)

A
  • non-flammable
  • colourless, odourless
  • gases at room temp
  • low boiling temps
  • non-reactive/stable
20
Q

Johann Dobereiner’s periodic table design (1817)

A
  • Organised elements intro triads based on chemical properties
21
Q

John Newlands’ periodic table design (1864)

A
  • Arranged elements in increasing order of atomic mass
  • Law of octaves: found that every 8 elements had similar chemical properties
  • Arranged elements in 8 groups
  • Didn’t leave room for undiscovered elements
22
Q

Dmitri Mendeleev’s periodic table design (1869)

A
  • Wrote symbols for the chemical elements
  • Put them in order in increasing atomic mass
  • Left gaps in table for undiscovered elements
  • Correctly predicted properties of the missing elements
23
Q

Henry Moseley’s periodic table design (1931)

A
  • Arranged elements according to atomic numbers
  • Indicated identity of an element is how many protons it has
24
Q

Democritus atomic theory (460 BC)

A
  • First formation of atomic theory
  • Smallest possible bit of matter
  • Indivisible particle everything made up of
25
Q

John Dalton atomic theory (1800)

A

5 atom laws:
- Everything made of atoms: indivisible building blocks of matter which cannot be destroyed
- All atoms of an element are identical
- Atoms of different elements vary in size and mass
- Compounds produced through different whole-number combinations of atoms
- Chemical reactions result in the rearrangement of atoms in reactant and product

26
Q

JJ Thompson atomic theory (1897)

A
  • Plum pudding model
  • Discovered electrons/negatively charged particles
  • Cathode ray experiment
  • passing electric current through cathode ray tubes
  • discovered cathode rays were beams of negatively charged particles because ray bent towards positively charged plate
27
Q

Ernest Rutherford atomic theory (1911)

A
  • discovered nucleus (tiny, dense, positively charged core)
  • discovered most of atom was empty space
  • fired alpha particles at thin sheets of gold foil
  • some particles deflected wildly in one direction or another
  • he thought they would pass straight through
28
Q

Neil’s Bohr Atomic theory (1913)

A
  • Proposed stable electron orbits, explained the emission of spectra at some elements.

2023 - Science Yearly Revision (4 decks)

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