Recorded Revision Notes 2

Question 1

Explain the primary structure ?

Answer 1

Form an amino acid chain with peptide bonds forming covalent bonding

Bonds are strong hard to break but no bonding to R-groups

N and C join in the structure

Question 2

Explain the Secondary structure?

Answer 2

Forms an Alpha helix organised regular structure in a protein

Healed by Hydrogen bonding but not R-groups

Bonding between what’s left of amine and carboxylic acid groups in amino acids

Bonds always between oxygen and nitrogen

Question 3

Explain the tertiary structure ?

Answer 3

Made by R-groups interactions giving the tertiary structure

+ and - will give Ionic bonding
OH and H = Hydrogen Bonding

Vanderval bonding in aliphatic straight chains - no change,oxygen, non-polar

Covalent bond cystine forms dysulfide bridges strong in tertiary structure

Question 4

Random coils, beta pleated sheets and Alpha helix all form ?

Answer 4

R-groups bonding to other R-groups with four forms of bonding i.e. (Vanderval,covalent, hydrogen and ionic

Question 5

Formed from protein molecules healed together by a central core ?

Answer 5

Head group or keratin binding molecule is at the end of globular protein

Question 6

Define de-naturing of proteins?

Answer 6

Protein structure is changed could be temporary or permanent dyesulfied bridges are broken

Question 7

How can we denature something ?

Answer 7

• Change the Temperature or PH
• add Urea (charged molecule or other polar molecule to disrupt hydrogen bonds
• specific metal ions disrupting vanderval forces
• Mild reducing agents to disrupt dye sulphide bridges

Question 8

What are Peptides ??

Answer 8

Small molecules, chains of amino acids i.e. Hormones, ferimones, insulin or sugar

Question 9

Amino acids are building blocks of proteins, how are they beneficial ?

Answer 9

There are more variety i.e. Phenol groups, and sulphate bridges

Question 10

What are the major components of the human body/most common elements ?

Answer 10

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
CHOON

Question 11

List the critical Trace elements ?

Answer 11

Iron-RBC

Calcium-Bones

Sodium- ion channels

Sulphur - allows for complicated to be made for disulphides bridges

Potassium and electrons in the body

Question 12

What is a possible effect of an iodine deficiency ?

Answer 12

Trace is missing could cause an enlarged thyroid glands

Question 13

What are the 5 Major types of bonding ?

Answer 13

Ionic
Covalent

Hydrogen
Vanderval

Polar bonding

Question 14

What do Ionic bonds form ?

Answer 14

Forms a solution or strong permanent bond

Question 15

What is covalent bonding ?

Answer 15

Sharing of electrons between two atoms

Question 16

What forms hydrogen bonds?

Answer 16

Water forms hydrogen bonds

Question 17

What can vanderval bonding do?

Answer 17

Hold molecular chains together weakly

Question 18

Electronegativity forms?

Answer 18

Polar bonding

Question 19

What is Polar bonding ?

Answer 19

Type of covalent bond, atoms don’t share electrons equally one takes more,

Electrons are negative can create positive and negative areas on molecule

I.e. Water electrons pulled towards oxygen away from hydrogen so hydrogens are slightly more positive than oxygen

And oxygen is slightly more positive than hydrogen

Means that + and - Are near each other forming polar bonds