Reference Ranges Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
male RBC count
A
4.73-5.49 ^10.6/uL
2
Q
female RBC count
A
4.15-4.87 10^6/uL
3
Q
mean cellular volume
A
76-100 um^3
4
Q
mean cellular volume def.
A
average volume of RBCs
5
Q
when MCV increased
A
classifying anemia: increased macrocytosis, with vit. b12 or folic acid deficiency
6
Q
when MCV decreased
A
microcytosis,iron deficiency anemia
7
Q
male hgb
A
14.40-16.60 gm/deciliter
8
Q
female hgb
A
12.2-14.7 gm/deciliter
9
Q
male hematocrit
A
42.9-49.1%
10
Q
female hematocrit
A
37.9-43.9%
11
Q
proportion of blood that is made up of RBCs or percentage of RBCs/total blood volume
A
hematocrit
12
Q
elevated hgb indicates what?
A
loss of plasma volume (dehydration), high altitude state, smokers (with COPD), congenital heart disease ( cor pulmonade), polycythema vera
13
Q
decreased hgb indicates what?
A
increased destruction of RBCs decreased production of RBCs, blood loss, pregnancy, vitamin deficiency
14
Q
WBC value
A
4500-11000 x cells/mm^3
15
Q
granulocytes include?
A
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
16
Q
agranulocytes include?
A
monocytes, lymphocytes
17
Q
neutrophils, segmented %WBC count (same for male and female)
A
56%
18
Q
neutrophil def
A
defense against microbial invasion through phagocytosis
19
Q
elevated neutrophils indicates
A
bacterial infections, inflammatory conditions, other infections
20
Q
basophils (%WBC count) (same for males and females)
A
0.5%
21
Q
which WBC has this function: contain histamine, serotonin, heparin granules
A
basophil
22
Q
CML, aftermath of splenectomy, polycythemia is indicated by increased what?
A
basophils
23
Q
decreased basophils indicates
A
rheumatic fever, pregnancy, radiation therapy, steroid therapy
24
Q
eosinophils range (%WBC count) (same for males and females)
A
2.7%
25
what WBC contains the majority of histamine in the body
eosinophils
26
when are eosinophils elevated
allergic, parasitic infection, or skin disease
27
NAACP acronym stands for what regarding conditions indicated by increased eosinophils
neoplasm, allergy/asthma, addison disease, collagen-vascular disease, parasites
28
lymphocytes range (%WBC count) (same for males and females)
34%
29
what WBC is increased with all viral infections or lymphocytic leukemia? (ALL, CLL)
lymphocytes
30
WBC: which is the second line of defense against infection
monocyte
31
monocyte (% WBC count) (same for males and females)
4%
32
elevated monocytes
bacterial infections
33
elevated WBC causes
acute infections (viral bacterial), leukemia, post-splenectomy, steroids, stress, excitement, pain, trauma, heat
34
low WBCs
viral, overwhelming bacterial infections, hypersplenism, medications/toxins that suppress BM, bm suppression
35
platelet count male
238,000 +/- 49,000/uL
36
life span of circulating platelets
7-10 days
37
low platelets indicate
enlarged spleen, platelet destruction (DIC, ITP), decreased platelet production (BM suppression, viral infection, vitamin deficiency), alcholism
38
high platelets indicate
hemorrhage, splenectomy, inflammation
39
UA looks at?
urologic conditions: stones, uti, malignancy, systemic disease
40
UA collected when in stream and analyzed when?
midstream, 1-2 hrs
41
physical exam of UA
color, clarity, odor
42
cheimcal exam of UA
urine dipstick
43
microscopic exam of UA
wbc, rbc, casts, or crystals
44
cloudy urine indicates
bacteria, blood, crystals
45
foul odor UA indicates
foul=infection (e. coli), sweet=diabetes (ketones from breakdown of fat and extra sugars)
46
red ua
hematouria, kidney stones, UTI, bladder cancer
47
yellow ua
dehydration or carrots
48
brown ua
glomerulonephritis, myoglobin, or bile pigments
49
orange ua
meds
50
elevated specific gravity
volume depletion
51
decreased specific gravity
excessive fluid intake, diuretic therapy, diabetes inspidus
52
increased urine ph
vomiing, some urinary infections, kidney disease
53
decreased urine ph
aspirin overdose, starvation, alcohol ingestion, high protein diet
54
protein in urine indicates
glomerulonephritis, pre-eclampsia, complications from diabetes
55
glucose in urine indicates
diabetes, burns, pancreatitis, corticosteroid use, cushion's disease
56
ketones in urine
starvation, alcholism, diabetic ketoacidosis
57
bilirubin indicates
hemolysis, biliary obsturction, liver injury
58
blood in urine indicates
kidney stones, UTI, uriinary trauma, strenous exercise, bladder cancer
59
leukocyte esterase in urine indicates
UTI (enzymes released by WBcs)
60
urobilinogen in urine indicates
bacteria in gut: reacts with bilirubin to make this; associated with hemolysis and hepatocellular disease
61
positive nitrites
bacterial infection: some bacteria convert nitrates to nitrities
62
how do you prep a ua for microscopic exam
centrifuge to separate proteins
63
protein in urine (microscopic exam)
bence jones protein assoc. with multiple myeloma
64
crystals in urine
kidney stones (cysteine, calcium oxalat, and struvite) made with correct PH, temp and concentration
65
casts in urine def
formed in distal convuluted tubule or mucoprotein, sticky, abnormal protein formed during infection or inflammation
66
RBC casts in urine
glomerulonephritis
67
WBC casts in urine
pyelonephritis
68
elevated AST
liver, muscle, or cardiac injury
69
ALT indications
liver injury
70
elevated alkaline phosphatase
bile duct obstruction, extrahepatic obstruction (cholecystitis) or intrahepatic obstruction (viral hepatitis or cirrhosis), may be associated with new bone cell production (check if they have metastatic bone cancer or recent broken bone)
71
gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) elevated
liver injury, biliary obstruction, marker of alcohol use (levels remain elevated for 3-6 weeks
72
elevated unconjugated bilirubin (bilirubin bound by albumin)
hemolysis
73
elevated conjugated bilirubin (bilirubin cleaved of albumin-water soluble)
bile duct obstruction
74
what are two markers of good clotting time and liver function?
albumin and prothrombin
75
increased prothrombin time
deficient numbers of coagulation proteins
76
when to order a coagulation study
unexplained bleeding disorder, excessive bruising, consecutive pregnancy loss, puts receiving heparin or coumadin therapy
77
prothrombin time (pt)
11.5-13.5 seconds
78
Pro thrombin time measures extrinsic or intrinsic pathway/
extrinsic
79
partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
27-38 seconds, intrinsic pathway, monitors heparin therapy
80
prolonged coagulation studies for what
pts on coumadin or heparin, liver injury, vitamin k defic.
81
increased levels amylase or lipase
pancreatitis, biliary obstruction, pancratic carcinoma
82
is lipase or amylase more specific for pancreatic inflammation?
lipase
83
electrocytes can tell waht
overall fluid status, acid/base status
84
when to order electrolyes
puts receiving IVs, metabolic or endocrine abnormal, meds that interfere with electrolytes, severe vomiting/diarrh.
85
na function
maintain blood and body fluids, conduct impulses
86
elevated sodium
dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, endocrine (SIADH, aldosteronism, diabetes inspidus)
87
decreased sodium
overhydrated, endocrine (cushion's disease)
88
elevated K
cell injury, kidney failure, endocrine disorders (addisons0
89
decreased K
malnutiriton, vomiting, diarrhea, diuretic meds
90
elevated chloride
dehydration, overactive parathyroid glands
91
decreased Cl
vomiting (loss of gastric acid)
92
elevated mg
kidney disease, use of antacids
93
decreased mg
inadequate absorption, poor diet, alcoholism, diarrhea, meds like diuretics
94
which calcium is metabolically active
ionized in circulation
95
elevated Ca
hyperparathyroid hormones, cancer, excessive vit D
96
decreased ca
hypoparathyroid hromones, deficient protein, vit d def
97
elevated glucose
diabetes, endocrine disorders, prednisone therapy, pancreatitis
98
what does A1c measure
glycosylated hemoglobin, avg blood glucose concentration over past 2-3 mos
99
what is urea
waste from protein breakdown in liver
100
elevated BUN
impaired kidney fun increased protein catabolism, dehydration
101
decreased BUN
liver failure, malnutrition, endocrine disorders (SIADH)
102
what does creatinine correlate directly with
muscle mass
103
what does creatinine measure
kidney fcn (they excrete it) more specific than BUN
104
elevated creatinine
impaired renal fcn, large muscle mass
105
decreased creatinine
decreased muscle mass, liver disease
106
uric acid formation
from breakdown of nucleonic acids and is an end product of purine metabolism, most excreted by kidneys
107
elevated uric acid
excessive cell breakdown of nucleonic acids (gout), excessive destruction of cells (leukemia), inability to excrete uric acid (renal failure0
108
elevated TSH
hypothyroidism
109
decreased TSH
HYPERTHYROIDISM
110
elevated t3 and t4
hyperthyroidism
111
decreased t4 and t3
hypothyroidism
112
sedimentation rate
marker of inflammation
113
d-dimer
clotting, screens for DVT or PE
114
brain naturietic peptide
hormone produced by ventricles of heart, increased with ventricular volume expansion and pressure overload, increased with CHF
115
platelet count female
270,000 +/- 58,000/uL
