references for exam

Question 1

Terhune and Brillant 1995

Answer 1

Initial scanning time for Harbour seals decreases with group size

Question 2

Rutberg 1987

Answer 2

Ungulates synchronise births to reduce predation of newborns (27 ruminant study)

Question 3

Caro 2008

Answer 3

Contrasting colouration in terrestrial mammals for: aposematism, conspecific signalling, disruption and intra-specific communication

Question 4

Thornton and Clutton-Brock 2011

Answer 4

Meerkats pups learn socially to avoid predation and gain food. Individual learning is costly and opportunities are lacking

Question 5

Clutton Brock 1989

Answer 5

Juvenile pups of silver backed Jackals increase with group size Lek Breeding - males hold territories on the lek and have higher mating rates than those off the lek. Inferior males can parasitise superiors (Southern Elephant seals mating at sea)

Question 6

Kerth 2008

Answer 6

Bat sociality - Roost limitation promotes Improved thermoregulation for group (fission-fusion colonies) Reciprocal regurgitation of blood in vampire bats Transfer information about location of food in species with unpredictable food sources (faithful areas sharing is restricted to mother-daughter) communal breeding - mutual warming and babysitting of pups. Communal nursing in Rodrigues fruit-bat

Question 7

Bradbury 1977

Answer 7

exhibition of lek behaviour in hammerhead bats

Question 8

Diamond 2002

Answer 8

Domestication lead to agriculture and agriculture has promoted disease. Infectious diseases that can only survive in in these dense populations sustained by agriculture. - evolved from similar epidemics our our herd animals (tb and measles from cattle, flu from pigs).

Question 9

Kruska 2009

Answer 9

Ranched mink brains were smaller than wild mink (independent of body size, sex, age).

Question 10

McDonald 2014

Answer 10

Male badgers appear to experience more adverse effects of infection of TB compared to females. Could be behavioural, immune function and/or reproduction Culling needs to be over 150km2 for 5 years to reduce incidence by ~12% Gassing burrows in Thornbury over several years lead to sustained absence of TB but cost and effort are very high

Question 11

McCallan et al 2014

Answer 11

indirect transfer of bTB through aerosol spreading of slurry. Inhalation of contamination of dust particles.

Question 12

Brooks-Pollock et al 2014

Answer 12

movement of infected cattle was responsible for 84% of newly infected farms scrutiny of skin tests and regular missing of true positives. only effective treatment would be whole herd slaughter.

Question 13

Aylward et al 2014

Answer 13

Recent outbreak of Ebola not due to a higher virulence in the disease but the population itself highly interconnected area with lots of cross border traffic and large intermixing of populations.

Question 14

Gire et al 2014

Answer 14

rapid inter/intra host genetic variation in Ebola West African variant from central African lineages around 2004

Question 15

Stenseth et al 2008

Answer 15

The plague - 1990s the disease reappeared in several countries and lead to reclassification as re-emerging disease Kazakstan warmer springs and wetter winters have increased prevalence of the plague in main host (great gerbil). 1994 outbreak in india - 50 people lead to collapse of tourism and trade ($60 million) Past weaponisation of disease and fear of aerosol formulations in warfare.

Question 16

Faria et al 2014

Answer 16

HIV-1 pandemic ignited in Kinchasa ~1920 and spatial expansion is due to active transportation network change in post-independece in sexual selection behaviour was critical for emergence.

Question 17

Blehert et al 2009

Answer 17

White-nose syndrome - replaced hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, invaded regional tissues and left no identifiable fat reserves (crucial for hibernation)

Question 18

Sachowski et al 2014

Answer 18

also cascading environmental effects of white nose syndrome - shifts in spatial and temporal niche partitioning long term population viability and ecosystem structure

Question 19

Schipper et al 2008

Answer 19

threats to mammals around S and SE Asia, and N Atlantic, N Pacific and SE Asia for Marine mammals -fisheries by-catch -habitat loss -harvesting diversity associated with areas of high productivity

Question 20

Mrosovsky 1997

Answer 20

IUCN is trusted worldwide - but should it be? Minke Whale in Norway proposal contained misleading info Secrecy with some data sources with Hawksbill turtle project - now considered CE but with no supporting information available yet…

Question 21

Levinksy et al 2006

Answer 21

Climate change will influence future distribution of mammals in Europe. IPCC predict a global temperature rise of 1.4-5.8c during 21st century 5-8% of mammals face extinction richness will dramatically decrease in Mediterranean area

Question 22

Jensenn 2006

Answer 22

EDCs and climate change are huge risk factors in Arctic regions. - ability to adapt to environmental alterations caused by climate change -EDCs effect cortisol, sex steroid hormones and thyroid hormone system may change ability to adapt to environmental stress as TH imbalance by EDCs can effect neural development which may change behaviour and cognitive abilities

Question 23

Possigham et al 2002

Answer 23

Threatened species lists fulfil social, political and scientific needs. but have many limitations is actually dealing effectively with the issues they present -uneven taxonomic treatment -variation in observational effort -changes may merely represent change in knowledge

Question 24

Daly 1979

Answer 24

male lactation may not enhance the bearers fitness so less likely to evolve (males cant be certain of paternity).

Question 25

Kunz and Hosken

Answer 25

male lactation is found in Dayak fruit bat and Masked flying fox). Some evidence for cycling of seasonality Lactating males as a signal of genetic quality

Question 26

Lucas and Huchard 2014

Answer 26

females may mate with multiple partners to confuse paternity and avoid infanticide. committed more in social, mixed sex groups. more likely if there are more females within the group.

Question 27

Hrdy 1979

Answer 27

Within the Hanuman lagur population infanticide occurs in some areas but not others of the same specie: population density dependent.

Question 28

Holmes et al 2007

Answer 28

change in spcial status in naked mole rats triggers neural remodelling: breeders have more cells in ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus than subordinates

Question 29

Herdina et al 2015

Answer 29

2 uses of the baculum in bats - can protect urethra and opening from compression during copulation - supports the penile shaft

Question 30

Simons and Firman 2013

Answer 30

role of sexual selection in evolution of the mammalian baculum house mice had thicker baculum's if under stronger post copulatory sexual selection

Question 31

Racey and Racey 2009

Answer 31

Challenges Kunz and Hosken - shouldn't be referred to as male lactation but galactorrhea (male nipple discharge) - lactation suggest care giving and kin selected benefits - could be breast tissue disturbance or disturbance of sex hormone regulation male nipples aren't keratinised and only have 1.5% of female discharge

Question 32

Berger 1966

Answer 32

Tammar wallaby embryonic diapause - females are fertilised at start of the season, post partum production of dormant blastocysts an-oestrus usually entered with pouch young and dormant blastocysts retained for new breeding season.

Question 33

Baker et al 2014

Answer 33

Antechinus are only semelparous mammals Generally die after 1 reproductive event vigurous and sustained reproduction (12 weeks at up to 14 hours at a time) leads to bodies disintegrating from the stress males stop producing new sperm at 11 months competitive copulation between males drives it

Question 34

Fish et al 2001

Answer 34

To limit interference from extensive webbing, platypus walk on their knuckles

Question 35

Riskin and Hermanson 2005

Answer 35

common vampire bat has ability to fly, walk forward and sideways and backward, jump and hop. no running gait in any other species indicates that it re-evolved. likely to be used more before introduction of domestic livestock.

Question 36

Shutt et al 1997

Answer 36

wings of vampire bats adapted for terrestrial movement and flight initiating vertical jumps - pectorals generate upward thrust