Referencing (Knox and Pinch, 2010) Flashcards
(30 cards)
What were pre-industrial cities?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Displayed an element of differentiation within sectors
However, main division was that of an exclusive central core with the mass of the population living on periphery.
What did industrial capitalism do to the structure of the pre-industrial city?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Inverted the preindustrial city…
Poor into poor quality inner city districts.
Middle/upper class retreated to periphery.
However, over time this polarization gradually became less obvious as society became more complex.
Impact of globalisation on cities
Knox and Pinch (2010)
The emergence of world cities, centres of corporate and financial control.
Fostered increased competition between cities and intensified social polarization.
What have new telecommunications systems allowed for?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
The exchange of ever more complex information over greater distances.
Not been associated with a decline in the strength of cities as centres for information production and exchange.
Western attitudes towards urban living are characterized by
Knox and Pinch (2010)
…hostility, yet cities are also seen as centres of diversity and opportunity.
What did the Chicago School of urban sociology find?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Burgess and Park two leading figures (urban sociologists).
Comprehensive theory on city organisation.
Helped understand impacts of fordism on urban life
The residential segregation of minority groups in Western cities is the product of…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Various processes of exclusionary closure and institutional racism.
Minority groups reveal differing degrees of residential segregation in cities. These patterns reflect…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
hostility among the wider population, discrimination in employment and housing markets, and clustering for defence, mutual support and cultural preservation.
In some ways, Fordism was a victim of its own success…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Saturated markets for mass consumption having pushed producers towards niche markets, packaging, novelty and design in the search for profit.
Keynesianism lost its effectiveness when…
(how in the short run, and especially during recessions, economic output is strongly influenced by total spending in the economy
Knox and Pinch (2010)
the influence of organised labour and the authority of national governments were short-circuited by the global reach of transnational corporations.
Fordism and Keynesianism have been replaced by…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
a ‘new economy’
– a neo-Fordist (or post-Fordist) system underpinned by information technologies and networked around the globe
– neoliberalism – the view that the state should have a
minimal role.
A crucial problem with the Fordist system was its rigidity
in the face of increasing market and technological
change. Flexibility is, therefore, the key factor underlying
the numerous changes that have modified the
Fordist system to the point where we now have to think
of a neo-Fordist system…
Methods of increasing flexibility?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
- Increased use of technology, such as computer aided
design and manufacture (CAD/CAM). - Flexible use of labour- workers are now much more likely to be multiskilled, rather than committed to just one task as under Fordism.
- The labour force increasingly exhibits numerical
flexibility, the capacity to be hired and laid off when necessary, as is the case with part-time, temporary,
agency or subcontract workers.
In post-Fordist economies, firms compete less on the
basis of cost and increasingly on…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Factors such as reliability, style, innovation, and branding…flexible accumulation.
What is casualization?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Increased use of ‘noncore’ workers such as part-timers, agency and temporary workers.
One of the main consequences of neo-Fordist technologies and working practices is that…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Far fewer people are needed to manufacture things.
Well-established ‘mature’ products- shifted to low-cost locations outside the Western countries.
Reducing the costs of transactions and facilitating face-to-face interactions = clustering
For example…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Silicon Valley and Orange County in California.
The M4 corridor in the UK.
What is bunker architecture?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Urban developments with security guards, gates, barriers, walls…
What are edge cities?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
The creation of urban development on the fringes
of existing suburbs.
Reflect the decentralization, not only of people, but also employment, services and retailing from inner-city areas.
A consequence of service growth has been
increasing competition among cities for employment. Why?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Heavy manufacturing industries tended to be firmly rooted in particular places (because of their proximity to certain raw materials, their dependence upon large amounts of capital investment in buildings, machinery, equipment and specialised skilled labour).
Service industries are much more mobile.
Globalisation is usually associated with the growing
importance of…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Multinational/transnational corporations.
The development of a broader global culture- a controversial idea but essentially involves the widespread diffusion of Western values of materialism.
Give an example related to a major theme of urban social geography being the spatial patterning of difference and inequality.
Knox and Pinch (2010)
At one end of Canon St. Road, London E1, you
can pay £4 for a two-course meal.
Less than 500 metres away, the same amount of money will buy a single cocktail.
The various costs and benefits associated with access to services greatly affect the quality of life of urban residents.
Knox and Pinch (2010)
The struggle over access to scarce resources leads to coalitions of interest, often based around neighbourhoods.
The aggregate effect of service allocations is one of ‘unpatterned inequality’.
Decentralization, urban renewal and the restructuring of the public sector have…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
greatly affected access to services in urban areas.
Social polarization is an endemic feature of many Western cities and is a complex phenomenon that has consequently given rise to a variety of explanations.
A key challenge for the future is how to achieve urban social sustainability.
Cities play a crucial role in the formation of cultures. These cultures involve…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
‘ways of life’ including the values that people hold, the norms that they follow and the material objects that they use.
