Reflex

Question 1

What is a reflex?

Answer 1

involuntary movement reaction that is elicited by a form of sensory stimulus like sound, light, touch, or body position.

Question 2

What are the most significant and retained primitive reflexes

Answer 2

symmetrical
asymmetrical tonic neck reflexes
the tonic labyrinthine reflex
the moro reflex
spinal galant reflex

Question 3

What happens if asymmetrical tonic neck reflex doesn’t disappear

Answer 3

prevents child from achieving hand skills done on midline
Ex: handwriting

Question 4

What happens if tonic labyrinthine reflex doesn’t disappear

Answer 4

affects balance and visual tracking

Question 5

The ________causes children to be hypersensitive and have difficulty in concentrating.

Answer 5

moro reflex

Question 6

this reflex produces a wriggle at the bottom of the spine which makes it very difficult for them to sit still for long.

Answer 6

Spinal galant

Question 7

Factors that Affect Child’s Motor Development

Answer 7

1. Rate of physical and neurological maturation
2. Quality and variety of child’s movement experiences
3. The conditions (environmental/genetic) that may affect motor efficiency

Question 8

Role of Reflexes in Infant Development

Answer 8

1. Protection and survival
2. Nutrition

Question 9

Lobe that is responsible for suppressing primitive reflex in adults

Answer 9

Frontal lobe

Question 10

examples of conditions that may cause the primitive reflexes to reappear for adults

Answer 10

Neurological conditions like dementia, traumatic lesions and stroke

Question 11

examples of conditions that may cause the primitive reflexes to reappear for older children and adults

Answer 11

cerebral palsy

Question 12

If primitive reflexes remain beyond_____months of life they are termed aberrant and may result in immature patterns of behavior and despite the acquisition of later skills may cause immature systems to remain.

Answer 12

6-12 months

Question 13

Reflex that should be inhibited when rolling over

Answer 13

Moro, startle, ATNR

Question 14

Reflex that should be inhibited when in balance

Answer 14

ATNR, Moro, Startle, Tonic neck reflexes

Question 15

Reflex that should be inhibited when standing alone

Answer 15

Plantar grasp
Babinki reflex

Question 16

_______ must disappear to be able to rollover and to put
hands in midline to play and have normal eye-hand
coordination

Answer 16

ATNR

Question 17

instinctive response to seek food
aka Search reflex, where the newborn turns its head toward the stimulus in search of nourishment

Answer 17

Rooting Reflex

Question 18

The earliest form of “fight or flight” (reaction to stress)

Answer 18

moro reflex

Question 19

Rotation of the head to one side
- Flexion of skull limbs, extension of the jaw limbs, “bow and arrow” or “ fencing” posture.

Answer 19

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex

Question 20

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex Onset and Integrated

Answer 20

Onset: Birth
Integrated:4-6 months

Question 21

When retained, the ATNR can result in the following manifestations:

Answer 21

1. Homolateral movements when walking, marching skipping instead of cross-pattern movements
2. Difficulty crossing the midline, can’t manipulate objects with both hands, poor ocular pursuit movements, fails to establish a preferred hand/eye/leg/ear dominant side
3. Mixed laterality
4. Poor handwriting and poor expression of ideas on paper
5. Visual-perceptual difficulties

Question 22

Persistence may impede head raising when prone or supine, inhibit reaching and grasping, sitting and walking

Answer 22

Symmetrical Tone Reflex

Question 26

Noxious stimulus (pinprick) to sole of foot. Tested in supine or sitting position. response: Toes extend, foot dorsiflexes, entire leg flexes uncontrollably. Onset: 28 weeks gestation Integrated: 1-2 months

Answer 26

Flexor Withdrawal

Question 27

Noxious stimulus to ball of foot of extremity fixed in extension; tested in supine position RESPONSE Opposite lower extremity flexes, then adducts and extends. Onset: 28 weeks gestation Integrated: 1-2 months

Answer 27

CROSSED EXTENSION

Question 28

STIMULUS Grasp forearm and pull up from supine into sitting position. RESPONSE Grasp and total flexion of the upper extremity Onset: 28 weeks gestation Integrated: 2-5 months

Answer 28

TRACTION

Question 29

STIMULUS Sudden change in position of head in relation to trunk; drop patient backward from sitting position RESPONSE Extension: abduction of upper extremities, hand opening, and crying followed by flexion, adduction of arms across chest. Onset: 28 weeks gestation Integrated: 5-6 months

Answer 29

MORO

Question 30

STIMULUS Sudden loud or harsh noise RESPONSE Sudden extension or abduction of arms, crying. Onset: birth Integrated: persists

Answer 30

STARTLE

Question 31

STIMULUS Maintained pressure to palm of hand (palmar grasp) or to ball of foot under toes (plantar grasp) RESPONSE Maintained flexion of fingers or toes Onset: palmar: birth plantar: 28 weeks gestation Integrated: palmar: 4-6 months plantar: 9 months

Answer 31

GRASP

Question 32

STIMULUS Rotation of the head to one side RESPONSE Flexion of skull limbs, extension of the jaw limbs, “bow and arrow” or “fencing” posture Onset: birth Integrated: 4-6 months

Answer 32

ATNR

Question 33

STIMULUS Flexion or extension of the head RESPONSE With head flexion: flexion of arms, extension of legs With head extension: extension of arms, flexion of legs Onset: 4-6 months Integrated: 8-12 months

Answer 33

STNR

Question 34

STIMULUS Prone or supine position RESPONSE With prone position: increased flexor tone/ flexion of all limbs With supine position: increased extensor tone/ extension of all limbs Onset: birth Integrated: 6 months

Answer 34

TONIC/BRAINSTEM REFLEX: SYMMETRICAL TONIC LABYRINTHINE (TLR OR STLR)

Question 35

STIMULUS Contact to ball of the foot in upright standing position RESPONSE Rigid extension (cocontraction) of the lower extremities Onset: birth Integrated: 6 months

Answer 35

TONIC/BRAINSTEM REFLEX: POSITIVE SUPPORTING

Question 36

STIMULUS Resisted voluntary movement in any part of the body RESPONSE Involuntary movement in a resting extremity Onset: birth – 3 months Integrated: 8-9 years

Answer 36

TONIC/BRAINSTEM REFLEX: ASSOCIATED REACTIONS

Question 37

MIDBRAIN/CORTICAL REFLEXES: Neck righting action on the body (NOB)

Answer 37

STIMULUS Passively turn head to one side; tested in supine. RESPONSE Body rotates as a whole (log rolls) to align the body with the head Onset: 4-6 months Integrated: 5 years

Question 38

STIMULUS Passively rotate upper or lower trunk segment; tested in supine RESPONSE Body segment not rotated follows to align the body with the head Onset: 4-6 months Integrated: 5 years

Answer 38

MIDBRAIN/CORTICAL REFLEXES: Body righting acting on the body (BOB)

Question 39

MIDBRAIN/CORTICAL REFLEXES: Labyrinthine head righting (LR)

Answer 39

STIMULUS Occlude vision; alter body position by tipping body in all directions RESPONSE Head orients to vertical position with mouth horizontal Onset: birth – 2 months Integrated: persists

Question 40

STIMULUS Alter body positions by tipping body in all direction RESPONSE Head orients to vertical position with mouth horizontal Onset: birth – 2 months Integrated: persists

Answer 40

MIDBRAIN/CORTICAL REFLEXES: Optical righting (OR)

Question 41

MIDBRAIN/CORTICAL REFLEXES: Body righting acting on head (BOH)

Answer 41

STIMULUS Place in prone or supine position RESPONSE Head orients to vertical position with mouth horizontal Onset: birth – 2 months Integrated: 5 years

Question 42

Protection and survival REFLEX

Answer 42

Moro reflex ATNR Parachute Reflex

Question 42

STIMULUS Displace center of gravity outside the base of support RESPONSE Arms or legs extend and abduct to support and to protect the body against falling Onset: arms: 4-6 months; legs: 6-9 months Integrated: persists

Answer 42

MIDBRAIN/CORTICAL REFLEXES: PROTECTIVE EXTENSION

Question 43

Nutrition REFLEXES

Answer 43

Rooting reflex Sucking reflex

Question 44

movements produced by small muscles * usually involves the hands or fingers

Answer 44

Fine Motor Control

Question 45

* movements produced by large muscles * movements that move the body in space

Answer 45

* Gross Motor Control

Question 46

Locomotion with the body in a prone position, trunk on the ground. The feet or arms exert a pushing motion and the arms engage in pulling.

Answer 46

* Crawling

Question 47

Locomotion on hands and knees with the trunk off the ground. * first, one limb at a time then contralateral movement of opposite leg and arm

Answer 47

Creeping

Question 48

Skip

Answer 48

a gait in which steps and hops alternate * Skipping is the combination of a walk and a hop. * you step on one foot and hop in place on the same foot, then you step on the other foot and hop in place.

Question 49

gallop

Answer 49

you take a step with one foot bringing the other foot up behind it, then you shift your weight to the back foot. * The foot that led then leads again and the moves are repeated.

Question 50

Compensations for inadequate balance:

Answer 50

1. Wide base of support 2. Hyper-rotation of toes 3. Larger lateral sway 4. Hyper-flexion of knees 5. Arms in high guard 6. Shorter swing phase 7. Longer double support phase

Question 51

Compensations for inadequate strength:

Answer 51

1. Flat foot contact 2. Shorter swing phase 3. Rigid arms

Question 52

Phase 1 of Development

Answer 52

reflexes to rudimentary movements

Question 53

Phases 2 of Development

Answer 53

fundamental skills

Question 54

Phase 3 of Development

Answer 54

specific movement skills appear fundamental skills become more refined

Question 55

Phase 4 of Development

Answer 55

movements are specialized

Question 56

Attempts to lift head in midline

Answer 56

Typical Age: 1 month Age range: 1-2 months

Question 57

Astasia Abasia Fencer's posture

Answer 57

Typical Age: 2 months Age range: 1-4 mo

Question 58

Rolling supine to Side-lying non segmentally

Answer 58

Typical Age: 3 months Age range: 2-4 months

Question 59

Beginning midline head control

Answer 59

Typical Age: 3 months Age range: 2-3 months

Question 60

Hands to midline and POE head to 90 deg chin tuck

Answer 60

Typical Age: 4 months Age range: 3-5 months