Reform And Challenge 1851-1886- Ireland

Question 1

Home rule league

Answer 1

1873
Led by protestant lawyer isaac butt

Question 2

Lang league

Answer 2

Founded by davitt
1879

Question 3

Impact of famine

Answer 3

1840s
Blight on potatoes
1.5 mill irish emigrated mostly to usa and canada by 1851
Many starved to death or succumbed to disease as a result of famine

Question 4

Extortionate rents name

Answer 4

Rack rents

Question 5

Quote for failures of landlords

Answer 5

‘Without ever giving anything back’
‘Some cases without ever setting foot on Irish soil’

Pearce and stewart- british political history 1867-2001,2002

Question 6

Gladstone opinion on land league

Answer 6

‘Criminal conspiracy’
‘Willing to accept that the non-payment of rents was due in part to genuine ‘distress’’

Question 7

Parnell in parliaent

Answer 7

Fillibuster- one time 41 hours against coercian act

Question 8

Phoenix park murders

Answer 8

6 may 1882
Sir cavendish- necretary for ireland- nephew murdered in phoenix park in dublin
By ‘invincibles’ formed within fenians
1885- murderers arrested and hanged

Question 9

Religious reason why gladstone supported irish grievances- hr mobeement

Answer 9

‘Christian morality in public life must be accompanied by full toleratiuon for all other religious denominations’ - j. Lee

Question 10

Why were first land acts undermined

Answer 10

‘Courts deined ‘exorbiant’ rents in favour of the landlords’

Question 11

Impact of the Great Famine

Answer 11

1845-48
Irish potato famine
Led to aorund 1 mill deaths
Further million emigrated to usa
Decrreased pop by 20%

Question 12

How succesful was gladstones response to irish question 1868-85

Answer 12

Religion
Land
Politics

Question 13

How succesful was gladstones response to irish question 1868-85- religion

Answer 13

Religion- fairly sucesful
Disestablishmennt of irish church 1869- dont have to pay tithe if dont attend

Question 14

How succesful was gladstones response to irish question 1868-85- land

Answer 14

1870- land act
2nd land act
Land war continue
Kilmainham treaty

Question 15

How succesful was gladstones response to irish question 1868-85- politics

Answer 15

18850 gladstone convert to hr
After pheonix park murder
But not in parliament sentiment yet

Question 16

Why did gladstone convert to home rule- traditional view

Answer 16

J. Hammond
1938
Gladstone and irish nation
-genuine u=interest in what he saw as legitimate irish grievences
-hr ‘only concievable long-term solution to the irish questoin’.
‘Conversion through conviction’
-‘forced’ to convert through ‘acts of parnell’

Question 17

Why did gladstone convert to hr- modern

Answer 17

E steel 74
Cooke and vinncennt 74
D homer 78

Question 18

Why did gladstone convert to hr- e. Steel

Answer 18

Support national self-determination
Eg. Support italian unification
1867-73 publish. Pamphlet on ‘question of the east’ advocationg for the growth of independance of baltic peoples from ottoman empire

Question 19

Why did gladstone convert to hr- cooke and vincent

Answer 19

The governing passion
-cynical- political tactic
-never suspected to become law
Hol majority conservative
-intended to ‘dish the whigs’ and chamberlain (Radical_
Assume effective control of the liberal party
-‘conversion through convenience’
‘Not passing hr, but carrying out a reorganisation of party structure’

Question 20

Why did gladstone convert to hr- d. Hamer

Answer 20

G unite liberal party
After successfuly uniting on anti-beaconsfield )anti- imperialism)
Hoped same with hr

Question 21

Pheonix park murders

Answer 21

1882
Chief secretary of ireland- cavendish and undersecretary murdered in pheonix park by extremist group called invincibles (hr radicals)
Causing an increase in coercive conrol
G shovked at the violence- aim was to pacify ireland trhough hr

Question 22

Kilmainham treaty

Answer 22

Parnell released from prison - stop land wars
-arrears rent abolished

Question 23

Kilmainham treaty- impact

Answer 23

Forster reigned as irish chief secretary as not told
Invincibles made responsible for pp
New coercive act passed

Question 24

Where did land wars start from

Answer 24

After series of poor harvests 1877-79- famine caused
Irish aggriculture also threatened by cheap us imports of wheat
Both meant income for farmers fell resulting in evictions 0 estimated 6000 lost homes

Question 25

Irish national league

Answer 25

Set up by davitt 1879 Socialist radical redistribution of land Parnell president Provided practical help for evicted tenants Campaign of violence against selected landlords Supported by wealthy us donors Encouraged tenants to refuse to work for landlords who charged excessive rents 3fs

Question 26

Home rule movement

Answer 26

1870 isaac butt foudned home rule association 73 home rule league became political party Supported by catholic church, fenians 1874 ge- 60 irish mps claimed to support movenement -butt unable to convince disraeli that hr a priority- more moderate 18760 fenians withdrew support- new leader needed- parnell More confrontational

Question 27

How important was parnell to hr- was

Answer 27

Formed inl Kilmainham treaty ‘Crowned king’ of ireland- pubic support Listened to in parliament0 protestant and aristocrat- filibuster Catholic church- increase support and education Distanced himself from davitt- too extremist and violent

Question 28

How important parnell was to hr - other factors

Answer 28

Political reform- 3rd reform act and secret ballot act- allowed Potato famine- fenians Agricultural demise- increase in evictions Land act failure 1870-1881 Inl balance of power 1888- pressure liberals to support hr

Question 29

Irish grievance- religion

Answer 29

Coi- portestant state church Since 1800- act of union 10% tithe payed- would also pay 10% for catholic 90% population catholic- implied catholic religion inferior from gb §

Question 30

Irish grievance- land

Answer 30

Protstant british landowners- absent Didnt try to make improvements which would increase yeild- machinery Lots of evictions 3fs0 land league- 1870s- fair rent, fixety of tenure and free sale Agricultural depression 73- more evictions 1840s famine- fenians in usa 1878- fear another famine By 1880s wanted nationalisation

Question 31

Irish grievance politics

Answer 31

Ruled by westminter- protestant Not helped by 1840 potato famine Fenians moved ‘leave or die’ but return in 1860s- extremists wanted full nationalisation Tenant farmers more cobcerned with ‘kniife and fork issue’ Failure of land acts increased support for home rule Parnell- inl- moved onto home rule- 1885 held balance of power with 86 seats Only way to solve= hr

Question 32

Parnell

Answer 32

Escalated land wars and lead to his imprisonmemt -aristocrat- demand hr Negotiated kilmainham treaty

Question 33

Parnell decision after pp murder

Answer 33

Distance from davitt Set up inl- so support conservative and liberals needed Able to be sucessful 3rd reform act- increase electorate 224thousand to 736 thousand Less pressurre from landowners- secret ballot act

Question 34

Disestablishment of the coi

Answer 34

1969 Had angered many catholic- tithe Ended state church More religious freedom 9 mill from g=church given to poor laws But many felt too little too late, ulster went against protestant

Question 35

First land act

Answer 35

1870 Compensation for any improvements made in land Only if in arrears of debt Rent control in place Free sale permitted Tenants coi=uld purchase land by borrowing 2/3 purchase price from state

Question 36

First land act- failures

Answer 36

Fell short of 3fs- eviction still take place- only if in arrears of debt No definition of what acceptable rent to be payed Argued to the irish how litle gladstone knew about them- out of touch Led to land wars 1879

Question 37

Second land act- sucess

Answer 37

1881 Grant 3fs Set up land courts- fair rents Over next 4y- rents decrease by 25%

Question 38

Second land act- failure

Answer 38

Now want nationalisation- 10y too late Didnt end land wars- made worse Parnell stopped it working by telling tenant farmers not to pay rent

Question 39

Home rule billl

Answer 39

1886 Defeated 342v313

Question 40

Coercian acts with each land act- success

Answer 40

Created order in ireland0 decrease crime

Question 41

Coercian acts- failure

Answer 41

More anger and hatred of british Increase hr movement Increase grievances

Question 42

Land purchase acts

Answer 42

1885 Best by sailsbury Gave loans to peasants to buy up land 5 mill (then)

Question 43

Land purchase act failure

Answer 43

‘Kill home rule wiuth kindness’

Question 44

Example how ultster better

Answer 44

Ulster’s Six Counties used an informal agreement known as the Ulster Custom. Tenants in Ulster could not be evicted if they paid their rent and they could sell their rights to a smallholding to another tenant. This led to a greater security and confidence for the farmers of Ulster where, unlike in the South, the innovations of the High Farming period (1850-73) took effect. A

Question 45

Sucess tenant right league

Answer 45

48 returned to westminster pledge to campaign for tenant rights

Question 46

Evictions made

Answer 46

1880 10,000 (5x as in 1877

Question 47

Famine later

Answer 47

1870s Bad weather and poor harvests at home combined cheap americsan corn Only remedy change in farming methods- ireland meant evicting small tenants and lett8ing the land in large units to men who could put capital into their farming and make it pay

Question 48

Unintended consequences of irish land act

Answer 48

Increase power of irish nationalist party, swept the board in catholic ireland Weaken whig eleent in lib party, whigs had got in. Unusually by paring with more pop radcial canddiates in two member brooughs many now abolished

Question 49

Parnell loking goods for 8185 election

Answer 49

Could sway on irish constituencies and large i irish vote in cities likel iverpool and glasgow

Question 50

Plan of camapign

Answer 50

Lnd league Tenants deicded what was a fair rent and if their landlord not accept pay into camapign fund instead