Regeneration Flashcards
(32 cards)
1
Q
How did Saldanha lead Portugal after taking power?
A
- Oversaw first stages of regeneration with centralized military government
- Ruled by iron fist - brought back death penalty for religious crimes and increased censory suffrage
- Supported by D.Maria II and Quadruple alliance
- Aimed to deradicalize politics and create a moderate political class
- Headed up coalition party between Setembristas and Chartists
2
Q
What were the key challenges facing Saldanha upon taking power?
A
- Inability to collect taxes
- Lack of recuperation from Brazilian independence, reliance on remittances
- Economy dominated by agriculture
- Public deficit and increased public spending
- Intense political cleavages and entrenched party interests
3
Q
Why was Portuguese society not in a position to modernise in the 1850s?
A
Society was split between legal, urban life and an increasingly disconnected rural world, entrenched in the clandestine.
4
Q
What were the key political parties of the first stages of the regeneration?
A
- Partido Regenerador (1851-56)
- Partido Historico (1856-59)
- Coalition between both parties (1865-68)
5
Q
What did the ‘acto adicional’ of 1851 stipulate?
A
- A democratic conciliation between both parties to solve intense political cleavages.
6
Q
What were the key political changes seen under the Partido Historico?
A
- De-radicalization of setembristas
- Reconciliation of church-state relations
- Acceptance of more radical sectors in the cortes
7
Q
What were the key political changes seen under the coalition government?
A
- Marginalization of radical fringe in government
- Counter effect - strengthening of republican movement through clandestine networks. New urban movement established through press, clubs, petitions etc. (massification of politics)
8
Q
What economic developments were experienced under Saldanha?
A
- Creation of Bank of Lisbon and Bank of Portugal - creation of new urban aristocracy
- New booms of cork and port industries
- Political stability meant opening to new foreing markets
- Colonial products re-exported - key exports of cotton, cocoa and coffee essential to breaking in to international market
- Pursual of protectionism to protect national industry and increase government income
9
Q
Why did Saldanha’s reform struggle to foster industrialisation/modernisation?
A
- Portuguese economy still dominated by agriculture - made up a large proportion of GDP
- Industry in Porto still small scale, and development only seen in cities - gap to most European countries
- Local markets still at the centre of regional trade due to small internal market. - since most of the country still worked as peasant farmers, low increases of per capita income prevented an internal market from developing
- Exportation economy, importing of goods
- Lack of roads and infrastructure meant inability to expand trade - lack of customs protection and reliance on England
- Cork and port wine struggled to penetrate international markets due to lack of demand
- Continuation of slave trade prevented agricultural development - weight on re-exportation
10
Q
What happened in 1857 which was significant for church-state relations?
A
New concord signed with the Vatican
11
Q
What aspects of Portugal’s social makeup prevented a kickstart to modernisation?
A
- Lack of population distribution - 60% of country worked in agriculture in 1890
- Illiteracy and a lack of civic culture in rural Portugal deepened divides with the political elites in the cities
12
Q
Why was social development unequal during early stages of the regeneration?
A
- All local powers in rural settings were condensed together, while urban life saw a proliferation of bodies and bolstering of civic culture.
- Caciquism and clientelism dominated countryside + suffrage was still limited due to a lack of literacy.
13
Q
How was infrastructure developed by Fontes and the Regenerador party during early stages of the regeneration?
A
- Road network and railways increased, but still parallel to roads and rivers
- Public work projects allowed for greater access to primary materials and improvement of trade networks
- New means of communication, transport links worked to bolster industry
- More population connected to the coast
14
Q
How does Fontes de Melo Pereira embody social change?
A
- Came into public governance as a young engineer - symbol of new modernist, progressive generations.
- Aimed to improve public works and pursued enlightened ideas of development.
15
Q
What parties developed during the 1870s as a result of new civic culture?
A
- Socialist Party, Republican Party and Progressive party - developed due to new civic culture of working classes in the cities
16
Q
What was Rotavism and how did it impact the Portuguese political climate?
A
- System in which power consistently shifts between liberal and conservative parties
- Lasted in Portugal from 1879-90
- Led to greater stability and more space for industrialisation and modernisation
- Growth of state bureaucracy and rationalisation of administrative practices.
- Public works a new priority of the period.
17
Q
What key socio-economic issues faced Fontes and his plans for reform?
A
- Despite a lessening reliance on subsistence farming, the majority of the country was still employed in Agriculture
- Taxes mainly indirect (e.g from consumption) and other taxes were met with strong local resistance
- Slave trade dented by established of free womb law and its abolition in 1878
18
Q
How did the reliance on agriculture begin to fall by the 1870s?
A
- Import substitution pursued by Fontes meant subsistence was not as necessary
- Increased urban migration as large-scale industry is developed + increasing specialization gives more opportunity for work.
- Greater importation/opening to foreign markets
- Property legislation is non-inclusive thus rural population becomes increasingly poor and small.
19
Q
What key issues did the regeneration have with representation?
A
- Only 10% of the population could vote in 1878 (40% of population), and this was reduced in 1880 as the political oligarchy was reinforced through caciquism
- Elections were fraudulent and served to confirm the choices of the king
20
Q
What electoral reform was made in 1878, and what were its impacts on the political system?
A
- Widening of suffrage and eligibility
- Republicanism enters parliamentary fight
- Conservative sectors benefit from rural vote
21
Q
Why was the colonial question increasingly significant during Fontes’ pursual of development
A
- The Berlin Conference created new regulations for colonization and its impacts on trade - the African Empire was now a new necessary for capitalist growth
22
Q
Why did the regeneration government fail to establish ‘New Brazils’ in Africa?
A
- Lack of appeal for European emigrants to establish settler communities
- Coastal presence primarily for extractivist economy, rather than production
23
Q
What key issues prevented Fontes from fostering cohesive development?
A
- State intervention remained weak. The focus on public works did not compensate for a lack of investment in public services
- Public spending still remained higher than fiscal state revenue
Agriculture still accounted for double the GDP of industry - Public pessimism remained ever-present in the public sphere
24
Q
How did the development of civic culture impact the political climate?
A
- Politics became increasingly massified
- Multiple new routes for political involvement
- ‘Povo’ question and issues over representation reignited
25
How did the working class develop during the regeneration?
- Increasingly defined by class conscience and had a greater ability to unify
- New urban movement to the cities bolstered civic culture and socio-political development - factory population tripled in size in Lisbon
- New waves of socialism and republicanism encaptured hopes of rising social classes
- Greater visibility through creation of unions, their own press and new forms of self-education
26
How did the aristocracy develop under the regeneration?
- New bourgeoisie oligarchy established in the cities due to increased banking opportunities
- Continued to profit from reorganization of public policy and manoeuvres over land ownership
- Retained influence through titles and family endogamy
27
How did the urban middle classes develop under the regeneration?
- New urban literate class, capitalizing on new progressive reforms. Heightened importance for civic intelligentsia.
- Had more political relevance and consistently upheld values of justice, harmony and equality. - new aspirations for the future
28
What new political ideas were being developed among urban classes during the regeneration?
- Pursual of modernist and positivist ideas to surpass slow capitalist development
- New intelligentsia questioned aristocratic values and their privilege, wand wanted to approximate the 'real' country to the 'legal one'
- Questioned emergence and morals of new bourgeoisie.
- New frameworks discussed to end political centralization
29
What new questions arose at the end of the 19th century in relation to social progression (Casino Conference)?
- New discussion of customs and taste of urban classes, resentment of bohemian lifestyles of the bourgeoisie.
- Absolutism as a cause for the fall of the 'povo'
- Resentment over creation of a new political oligarchy despite promises for greater representation
- Corruption (both material and spiritual) of the clergy
- Parasitic nature of the aristocracy
- Class consciousness increasingly relevant, particularly with creation of the ILO.
30
What did the Casino Conference (beginning of new modernist movement) call for?
- End to artistic sentimentalism
- Realism and naturalism needed to reflect the real, and show effects of social intervention
- Political revolution to end the fontist oligarchy
- Called for reason and science and anti-religious rhetoric in political development - positivist ideas
31
How was agriculture developed under Fontist reform?
- Production still dominated by wine and wheat
- Property restructured - substantial increase for cultivate land
- Technology did not play an important role - only 8 thrashing machines were used in Portugal in 1890
32
Why was emigration a problem for development during the regeneration?
- Between 1850 and 1890, 500,000 Portuguese left the country, mainly to Brazil
- Both rural and urban migration - led to less subsistence farming but a lack of manpower and increasing reliance on remittances.
