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Liberal Revolution > Republicanism - Ideas and politics > Flashcards

Republicanism - Ideas and politics Flashcards

1
Q

How did republicans view the ‘Povo’ in terms of national development?

A
  • The collective base of society - end to individual progression
  • Needed to be led by the cult of the ‘patria’ rather than God
  • Povo needs to ‘republicanize itself’ - importance of literacy and citizenship to serve the fatherland
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2
Q

How did republicanism construct patriotism?

A
  • Creation of national customs and symbols
  • Focus on mass nationalisation, a singular national narrative, to end the hold of rural areas on national culture
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3
Q

How did the repiblican flag embody its message?

A
  • Green symbolised future and hope
  • Red symbolised blood and bravery
  • In line with Comte’s positivist doctrine
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4
Q

Why was positivism adopted by many republican politicians?

A
  • Education was upheld as means of social transformation
  • Central goal to create an informed citizenry
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5
Q

Why was masonic culture central to the development of republicanism?

A
  • Focus on humanity instead of the divine - reinforced anti-clerical backbone of the republic
  • The ‘land’ seen as a utopic ideal - focus on development of the people rather than the divine
  • Focus on scientific culture instead of faith
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6
Q

How did republicanism develop from the 1860s onwards?

A
  • Began to spread among popular and middle urban classes
  • Accompanied by ‘street mobilization’ - creation of civic political culture and intermittent allies with new socialist movement
  • New political discussion through newspapers, lectures and educational projects
  • Mobilised by new class of trained professionals - ‘machine minders’
  • Greater radicalization through Masonry and Carbonaria
  • New antagonism towards monarchy, aligned with new demands of trade unions
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7
Q

What key events preceded the Republican Revolution of 1910?

A
  • 1880 - republicans gain seat in parliament and create O Trabalho newspaper
  • 1889 Brazilian republican revolution - new framework
  • 1891 Porto Revolution - crushed by monarchists but first Republican expression of leadership
  • 1908 - regicide of King Carlos I and later his heir by the Carbonaria
  • 1908 - Partido Republicano gains majority in Lisbon, values interiorized among political classes.
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8
Q

Why were the carbonaria a key component of emergence of Republicanism?

A
  • Reinforced anti-clerical backbone of the republican movement
  • Conspiratorial and revolutionary society - key to stirring up resistance
  • Mainly lower class but involved some members of the elitie
  • Responsible for 1908 regicide and instrumental to 1910 revolution (Carbonaria cells int he navy)
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9
Q

How were the streets ‘mobilized’ in the build up to the revolution?

A
  • Circulation of weapontry and conspiracies between shopkeepers and workers
  • Organized strikes throughout 1910
  • Revolution was a populist mobilization, fuelled by anti-british nationalism and political impotence of urban middle classes
  • Greater militancy of Lisbon’s large industrial zone.
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10
Q

What were the main political parties in the first republican parliament?

A
  • Democratic - led by Afonso Costa, base of urban, petit-bourgeois and key provincial notables
  • Union/Evolutionist parties - created by conservative dissidents but only featured groups of notables. Advocated electoral reform and moderation of church-state relations
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11
Q

Why was the political climate unstable in the first years of republicanism?

A
  • Frequent falls of governments (ongoing trend)
  • Wave of Union strikes continued
  • Increasing affirmation of radical sectors in government
  • Insurgencies in 1911 and 1912
  • New resistance from rightist sectors - cartists, monarchists - basis of fascism
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12
Q

Why did social unrest remain after Republicans took power?

A
  • Unrest in the streets after new mobilization - underrepresented povo had new demands
  • Multiple disputes with syndicates
  • Economic growth was mainly industrial and public debt continued
  • Universal suffrage not realized due to pretext of monarchical revolts in Spain
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13
Q

Why did the Republic struggle to expand representation in its early stages?

A
  • Inability to introduce universal suffrage
  • Weak pressure from below in the rural world - still employed in subsistence agriculture
  • ‘Active minorities’ in the cities such as workers were anti-participatory and sought disruption
  • Governmentalization of local admin had counter-effect of district governors sustaining clienetelistic packs
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14
Q

Why was the army disillusioned at the start of the 19th century?

A
  • Lack of conditions and resources
  • Disorganization and low pay
  • Career paths were unstable
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14
Q

Why did military disillusionment fuel republican sentiment?

A
  • Regime change seen as increasingly necessary
  • Marines under strong republican influence - role of carbonaria cells in 1910 revolution
  • Junior officers led revolution itself
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15
Q

What were the key social causes of republicanism?

A
  • Civilize the povo through education
  • Support feminism even if a vote was never given to women
  • Socialist objectives - despite it being gradually removed from regime
  • Anti-clericalism/anti-jesuitism - end to religious monopoly over education
  • Underpinning new strong urban movement
16
Q

Why was the rise of republicanism in Portugal ambiguous, and potentially paradoxical

A
  • Emerged as a child of the lower-middle classes, but adopted by upper middle class who used anti-clericalism as a battle cry
17
Q

How did Republicanism manage to begin erosion of privielge?

A
  • Focus on social mobilization was successful and even caused conservatives to regroup
  • Women given a new status in terms of opportunities
  • Wage-earning men, underpinned by union development, were able to obtain 8-hour working days
  • Freedom of thought replaced moral restrictions
  • Greater reduction of illiteracy and wider access to education
17
Q

How did Republicanism manage to begin erosion of privilege?

A
  • Focus on social mobilization was successful and even caused conservatives to regroup
  • Women given a new status in terms of opportunities
  • Wage-earning men, underpinned by union development, were able to obtain 8-hour working days
  • Freedom of thought replaced moral restrictions
  • Greater reduction of illiteracy and wider access to education
18
Q

Why was secularization of dominant preoccupation of the new republic?

A
  • Key aim of upper middle classes who felt greater impotence due to their servility to priests
  • Links with freemasons gave basis for antagonism towards church - also enrolled many of the elite, some who served as prime minister
  • Key battleground for the ‘soul of the citizen’
19
Q

What key changes did the Lei de Separacao of 1911 establish?

A
  • New republican culture of religious freedom + a ‘broad liberty of consciousness’
  • Roman catholicism no longer official religion of the state
  • No one can be persecuted for reasons of relgion
20
Q

How was education impacted by new laicism?

A
  • Teaching seen as a form of emancipation rather than enlightenment
  • Teaching of history identified republic with the fatherland
  • Professors the ‘non-religious’ priests of the ‘civic church’ - aimed to replace influence of organized religion
  • Creation of human perfectibility and end to confessionalism
  • New routes for scientific and positivist culture
21
Q

How else was Portugal secularized during the early stages of the republic?

A
  • Education in control of the state
  • Advocation of divorce law as an attack on Catholic sacraments
  • All religious rites in court, universities and armed forces abolished
  • Second dissolution of the monasteries
  • Banning of clerical death outside churches
22
Q

How else was education developed in the early stages of republicanism?

A
  • Opening of mass literacy classes and greater primary education
  • Sponsoring of seminars and debates
  • New publications encouraged, circulation of literature for working men, namely Das Kapital
23
Q

Why did the circulation of Das Kapital have a contradictory effect on new national visions?

A
  • Provoked political right into seeing mass education as detrimental for national wellbeing
  • Led to founding of Seara Nova - democratic socialist movement opposing liberal concepts of progress
24
Q

Why was the economic and fiscal policy of the republic surprisingly conservative?

A
  • Ironic image of street republican leaders defending commercial banks from looters during revolution
  • Focused on defence of conventional values - pre-keynesian era, budget balancing
  • Aim to prevent enlargement of debt, which was possible until the outbreak of war
  • Involved in many financial swindles - hidden deal with British printing firm led to over printing, loss of confidence in currency, savings had to take refuge abroad
25
Q

What socio-political cleavages remained after teh revolution?

A
  • Right and conservative factions were increasingly radicalised - new demands of clergy and large landowners
  • New catholic movement emerging - founding of CCP which had corporatist and authoritarian tendencies
  • Interest groups increasingly powerful in the cortes
  • Strong nuclei of monarchists not connected with liberal
  • Creation of Integralismo Lusitano
26
Q

Why did Costa fail to meet expectations of the new mobilized proletariat?

A
  • Economy crisis ridden and weak - lack of public spending
  • Popularity weakened by continued ties with England - used to protect colonies
  • Financially ruinous decision of war brought Costa’s government to an end
27
Q

Why did Costa fail to improve agriculture?

A
  • Agrarian immobility and stagnant production prevented development
  • Republican links with large landowners meant wasteful latifundias remained, as well as the fragmentations of plots
  • High levels of illiteracy common and many rural dwellers emigrated for better opportunities
28
Q

What were the key socio-political questions at the end of the 19th century?

A
  • Elite political class had no social roots and was increasingly detached from citizens
  • Dual society remained - rural illiterate poor v urban middle class
  • Emergence of messianic and authoritarian politics
  • Need for representation of the povo to reignite patrimony
  • Continued external dependence and internal blockades - bankruptcy of 1892
  • Continued state burden due to imbalance between fiscal revenue and public spending
  • Falling popularity of the monarchy and new repiblican values
29
Q

Why was republicanism both a legal and illegal movement?

A
  • Visible presence within liberal system - key politicians within monarchic politics (Afonso Costa, Bernardino Machado, Brito Camacho)
  • Outside of the liberal system - circulation of arms and conspiracies, particularly among shopowners and workers

Liberal Revolution (4 decks)

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