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A-level Geography > Regeneration > Flashcards

Regeneration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the model called showing how industry has changed overtime?

A

Clark Fisher model

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2
Q

What is the primary sector? What was the % of people in the UK working in this sector in 1920 and 2016?

A

Where products from the earth are extracted/harvested

1920- 14%
2016- 1.3%

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3
Q

What is the secondary sector? What was the % of people in the UK working in this sector in 1920 and 2016?

A

Production of finished goods

1920- 34%
2016- 15%

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4
Q

What is the tertiary sector? What was the % of people in the UK working in this sector in 1920 and 2016?

A

Service industry, usually higher skill

1920- 51%
2016- 84%

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5
Q

What is the quaternary sector?

A

Knowledge sector, highly specialised and reliant on human capital

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6
Q

What are 9 types of employment?

A

Full-time
Part-time

Employed
Self-employed
Informal
Zero hours/gig economy

Permanent
Temporary/fixed term
Seasonal

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7
Q

Differences in economic activity are reflected through variation in which 3 social factors?

A

Health
Life expectancy
Levels of education

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8
Q

Where is Brent (local place) located?

A

North-west London

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9
Q

Where is Wandsworth (contrasting place) located?

A

South-west london

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10
Q

In 2022, what is the % economically active in Brent and Wandsworth?

A

Brent- 79%
Wandsworth- 90.5%

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11
Q

In 2022, what is the % unemployed in Brent and Wandsworth?

A

Brent- 6%
Wandsworth- 3%

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12
Q

In 2022, what is the median hourly pay in Brent and Wandsworth?

A

Brent- £17.16
Wandsworth- £23.31

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13
Q

In 2022, what is the % in professional occupations in Brent and Wandsworth?

A

Brent- 57.5%
Wandsworth- 73%

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14
Q

In 2021, what is the % working part-time in Brent and Wandsworth?

A

Brent- 29%
Wandsworth- 32%

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15
Q

In 2011, what is the % with very bad health in Brent and Wandsworth?

A

Brent- 1.4%
Wandsworth- 0.9%

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16
Q

In 2016, what is the % overweight/obese in Brent and Wandsworth?

A

Brent- 57%
Wandsworth- 54%

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17
Q

In 2016, what is the male life expectancy in Brent and Wandsworth?

A

Brent- 80.21
Wandsworth- 79.98

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18
Q

In 2016, what is the female life expectancy in Brent and Wandsworth?

A

Brent- 85.11
Wandsworth- 83.81

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19
Q

In 2021, what is the % with 5+ GCSEs A-C (or equivalent) in Brent and Wandsworth?

A

Brent- 74%
Wandsworth- 89%

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20
Q

In 2021, what is the % with a degree (or equivalent) in Brent and Wandsworth?

A

Brent- 51%
Wandsworth- 70%

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21
Q

In 2017, what is the median house price for Brent and Wandsworth?

A

Brent- £477,850
Wandsworth- £650,000

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22
Q

In 2017, what is the % crime rate for Brent and Wandsworth?

A

Brent- 91%
Wandsworth- 82%

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23
Q

In 2017, what is the number of fires/1000 in Brent and Wandsworth?

A

Brent- 43
Wandsworth- 27

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24
Q

In 2005, what is the % green space for Brent and Wandsworth?

A

Brent- 22%
Wandsworth- 27%

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of changes that can happen to places?

A

Change function/demographic

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26
Q

What does the function of a place mean?

A

What the place does for its community and surroundings

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27
Q

What are the 4 types of functions?

A
  1. Administrative
  2. Commercial
  3. Retail
  4. Industrial
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28
Q

What are the 3 types of demographic characteristics?

A
  1. Age structure
  2. Gentrification
  3. Ethnic composition
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29
Q

What are the 4 reasons for change in a place?

A

Physical factors
Accessibility and connectedness
Historical development
The role of national and local planning

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30
Q

What is the IMD, and who does it look at?

A

Index of multiple deprivation
Collected from LSOAs (lower layer super output areas) of a population about 1000-1500 so stats are comparable

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31
Q

Over how many indicators and domains is the IMD? State the domains.

A

37 indicators and 7 domains.

  1. Income
  2. Employment
  3. Education
  4. Health
  5. Crime
  6. Barriers to housing and services
  7. Living environment
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32
Q

What are 2 pros of using the IMD?

A

Collects the same data each year for a reliable comparison
IMD explorer easy to visually compare deprivation

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33
Q

What are 2 cons of using the IMD?

A

Not everyone in an LSOA is equally deprived, may be some wealthy
May seem more deprived when others just imrpove

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34
Q

In the IMD ranking, which number is the most and least deprived?

A

1 = most deprived
32,844 = least deprived

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35
Q

What is the overall IMD rank for Brent in 2015 and 2019?

A

2015- 6145
2019- 6463

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36
Q

What is the overall IMD rank for Wandsworth in 2015 and 2019?

A

2015- 19,719
2019- 22,187

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37
Q

In 2004, what is the % economically active in Brent and Wandsworth?
Can compare to 2022

A

Brent- 70%
Wandsworth- 80%

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38
Q

In 2004, what is the % unemployed in Brent and Wandsworth?
Can compare to 2022

A

Brent- 9%
Wandsworth- 6%

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39
Q

How has the % of working age changed in Brent and Wandsworth in 7 years?

A

0.7 percentile point increase in Brent
0.5 percentile point decrease in Wandsworth

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40
Q

How has the % of ‘other’ ethnic groups changed in Brent and Wandsworth over 10 years?

A

Brent- 6% –> 10%
Wandsworth- 2% –> 4%

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41
Q

Give an example of how land use has changed in Brent

A

Train station –> factory –> 80 homes in communal garden

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42
Q

Give an example of how land use has changed in Wandsworth

A

Turbine halls –> power station for shopping

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43
Q

Give an example of derelict land existing in Brent

A

Bridge Park derelict for over 15 years, but new community hub planned

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44
Q

Give an example of derelict land existing in Wandsworth

A

Victorian cottages for the workers of Young’s Brewery, turned into luxury flat

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45
Q

What are 3 regional/national influences over Brent?

A

-industrial past, grand union canal to transport goods
-transport development, met + jubilee (27 trains/hour)
-London plan, 14,000 homes + 13,500 jobs by 2041, studentification

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46
Q

What are 3 international/global influences over Brent?

A

-TNC retail-led regeneration, london designer outlet
-tourism, Wembley park British Empire Expedition 1924, >25mil, stadium tours + concerts
-SE-Asia migration, 60,000 from India, food, Sikh temple

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47
Q

What are 3 regional/national influences over Wandsworth?

A

-Young’s Brewery 1931-2006, reopened Sam Brooks 2019 with traditional on-site brewing
-Battersea arts centre (lectures, plays, music)
-first commercial gas plant 1805, Preston was first town lit by gas in 1816

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48
Q

What are 3 international/global influences over Wandsworth?

A

-Malaysian investors, old turbine halls -> Battersea regeneration, luxury brands eg: Rolex
-northern line extension £1.1bil, links to KCSP
-south Africans (Snoggys shop), Pakistan, Brazil

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49
Q

What are 2 contrasting images of Brent?

A

Quintain regen project
-3500 builders
-5000 homes for young professionals

Knife crime hotspot
-in year 2017/18, 755 offenses
-fell in COVID but on rise

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50
Q

How do changes in Brent influence identity of people?

A

More people in area –> increased traffic, students late to school, fear of mugging

Drill music identity –> gives purpose, form of therapy, can collaborate –> reduces crime

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51
Q

What are 2 contrasting images of Wandsworth?

A

Brewing tradition + character + history remains, youthful and fun atmosphere

Battersea Power Station bland and disappointing, quiet and lacks buzz + identity

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52
Q

How has the identity of Wandsworth changed?

A

Council houses are bought and many moved out + not socialising at brewery (social loss)
Shift from blue collar to technology, lots of uni students so less community, more formal + profit driven

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53
Q

Briefly describe the cumulative causation cycle

A

New opportunity → inward migration → boosts economy → new development

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54
Q

What is an example of a successful region? What is this city called?

A

Sydney
Alpha city

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55
Q

How has the population of Sydney changed?

A

Increased by 9% in 4 years

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56
Q

How many languages are spoken in Sydney?

A

Over 250

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57
Q

How many residents are born overseas in Sydney?

A

1.5 million

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58
Q

What are the 3 reasons why Sydney is a successful region?

A

High employment
Inward migration
Low levels of multiple deprivation

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59
Q

Why does Sydney have high employment rates?

A

Young population (median age 30) so strong workforce
Time zone allows trading with USA and Europe, leading financial centre for Asia-Pacific region

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60
Q

Why does Sydney experience inward migration?

A

‘Sun-belt’, sunny hot climate encourages migration
Government policies encourage professionals to migrate

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61
Q

Give 2 statistics which show that Sydney has low levels of multiple deprivation

A

Average salary $82,000 in 2015
Crime index is 35, low, lower than London

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62
Q

Using statistics, what are 2 challenges that Sydney faces?

A

High house price- median $1.2 million
Skill shortages- 10 positions for every 1 qualified employee

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63
Q

What is a spiral of decline triggered by?

A

Economic restructuring, closure of primary industry/factories

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64
Q

Where has a spiral of decline led to social deprivation?

A

Rustbelt in the north-east of the USA
Urban- Detroit, Michigan
Rural- Beatyville, Kentucky

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65
Q

How is education deprivation shown in Detroit?

A

Less than 30% graduate high school

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66
Q

How is service deprivation shown in Detroit?

A

Outmigration, shortage of workers

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67
Q

How is income deprivation shown in Beatyville?

A

57% on food stamps

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68
Q

How is education deprivation shown in Beatyville?

A

1/5 of adults can’t read or write

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69
Q

How is health deprivation shown in Beatyville?

A

19% have no health insurance

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70
Q

How is crime deprivation shown in Beatyville?

A

56% of accidental deaths are from drug overdose

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71
Q

How is service deprivation shown in Beatyville?

A

Ghost shops

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72
Q

What are the 4 places with varying priorities for regeneration?

A

Sink estate (urban)
Gated community (urban)
Commuter village (rural)
Declining rural settlement

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73
Q

What are sink estates, and what is the case study used? Is this place a high or low priority for regeneration?

A

Council housing among the most deprived
Broadwater farm in north London
High priority

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74
Q

Why is Broadwater farm a high priority for regeneration?

A

10% most deprived
Meant to be street in the sky, but home to drug + gang activity
Raid + riots in 1985 with 250 police officers injured, broke out again in 2011
Millions to be spent on regeneration, but the community will split and lose community

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75
Q

What are gated communities, and what is the case study used? Is this place a high or low priority for regeneration?

A

Affluent town where access is controlled
Bow Quarter in east London
Low priority

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76
Q

Why is Bow Quarter a low priority for regeneration?

A

50% least deprived
Insular, 700 apartments, gym pool
Security + infrared cameras, quiet, litter & graffiti free

Although, becoming increasingly popular in the UK, resulting in social segregation and widening inequality

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77
Q

What are commuter villages, and what is the case study used? Is this place a high or low priority for regeneration?

A

Where people travel to work in urban
St Albans
Low priority

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78
Q

Why is St Albans a low priority for regeneration?

A

20% least deprived
London’s greenbelt resulted in counter-urbanisation as house price in London increased
Travel links to London means workers earn London wages and gentrification occurs
Forces locals out who are low income, yet house price average is >630,000
COVID + internet means that more work from home and invest in the area

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79
Q

What are declining rural settlements, and what is the case study used? Is this place a high or low priority for regeneration?

A

Previously earnt money from the primary industry
Redruth in Cornwall
High priority

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80
Q

Why is Redruth a high priority for regeneration?

A

20% most deprived
Provided 80% of copper, but mining decline and jobs never replaced
Over 2000 use food banks so another opened
Many on minimum wage
High levels of crime, including domestic abuse
Outmigration- many grow up in spiral of decline
As digital sector emerges, the area is emerging

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81
Q

What is the voter turnout for the election in Brent vs Wandsworth?

A

Brent- 62% (below average)
Wandsworth- 76% (above average)

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82
Q

What is the pattern in voter turnout for national/local elections? Why?

A

Higher in national election- 67% in 2019
For England election- 36%
Media neglects local elections, also may have belief that nothing will change with local

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83
Q

What is the pattern in voter turnout for age? Why?

A

Young people have the lowest turnout
Ages 18-24- 47%
Ages 65+- 75%
Less educated, less represented, not relevant problems, at uni won’t see lasting impact, not online

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84
Q

What is the pattern in eligibility to vote? Why?

A

Lowest eligibility working age at only 85%
Migrate for work so not eligible

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85
Q

What is the pattern in voter turnout for deprivation? Why?

A

High deprivation = less likely to vote
Less education, disaffection/distrust

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86
Q

What is the pattern in voter turnout for country of birth? Why?

A

If born abroad, lower voter turnout
Language barrier, lack of representation, higher deprivation

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87
Q

What is the pattern in voter turnout for home ownership? Why?

A

Higher if own home
More time and investment into place, no hassle of re-registration

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88
Q

What is the pattern in voter turnout for urban/rural areas? Why?

A

Lower turnout in urban areas
Less old people, ‘bright lights syndrome’

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89
Q

What is the pattern in voter turnout for graduates? Why?

A

Higher among graduates
Higher social class, feel/are more educated

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90
Q

What are the 2 case studies used for levels of engagement in the election?

A

Manchester Central
Westmoreland and Lonsdale

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91
Q

What was the voter turnout in 2019 for Manchester Central compared to Westmoreland & Londsdale?

A

57% in Manchester
78% in Westmoreland and Lonsdale

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92
Q

In terms of deprivation, why may voter turnout be lower in Manchester than Westmoreland and Lonsdale?

A

70% deprived in Manchester
Only 50% in Westmoreland and Lonsdale

93
Q

In terms of country of birth, why may voter turnout be lower in Manchester than Westmoreland and Lonsdale?

A

Only 70% UK born in Manchester
95% UK born in Westmoreland and Lonsdale

94
Q

In terms of age, why may voter turnout be lower in Manchester than Westmoreland and Lonsdale?

A

Median age 28 in Manchester
Median age 49 in Westmoreland and Lonsdale

95
Q

In terms of leader’s engagement, why may voter turnout be lower in Manchester than Westmoreland and Lonsdale?

A

Help is distant and virtual in Manchester
Leaders engaged in Westmoreland and Lonsdale, MP Farron played a football match

96
Q

What are 5 ways in which people may engage with the local community?

A
  1. Protests (NIMBY)
  2. Religious groups
  3. Allotments/gardens
  4. School fundraising
  5. Buying eg: from farmshop
97
Q

What is an example of local community engagement?

A

Grampound community shop in Cornwall, 800 residents
-started a community shop and coffee shop
-very high engagement, 92% of households a stakeholder in shop

98
Q

What are 3 factors that have allowed for high levels of local engagement in Grampound’s community shop?

A

25% residents over 65
1/3 are single, social isolation
Low income

99
Q

More generally, what are 4 factors that can affect local engagement in local community groups?

A
  1. Old retirees- more time
  2. Females working part-time, more time to engage
  3. Wealthy in gated communities
  4. Working age has less time
100
Q

What is lived experience?

A

The experience of living in a place/environment that impacts on perceptions, values and behaviour

101
Q

What is place attachment?

A

The bond between an individual/community and a location, how much people care for a place

102
Q

What is place attachment driven by?

A

Membership (belonging + acceptance)
Influence (playing a part)

103
Q

What are the 5 factors explaining why place attachment varies?

A

Age
Ethnicity
Gender
Length of residence
Deprivation

104
Q

How can age affect place attachment?

A

Young engage in clicktivism (unlikely to have a huge effect)
Elderly have longer residence (more free time)

105
Q

How can ethnicity affect place attachment?

A

Social marginalisation + alienation
BAME often young + urban
Lack of representation, although Indian diaspora engages

106
Q

How can gender affect place attachment?

A

Similar levels of engagement although only 33% of MPs female (underrepresentation)
Women involved via children
Now stay-at-home fathers
-stereotypes continuing to shrink

107
Q

How can length of residence affect place attachment?

A

Shorter time, less connection, such as uni students- hard if not staying to see impact
New migrants have less connection
2nd home owners dilute the community

108
Q

How can deprivation affect place attachment?

A

Community weaker is less integrated
Disaffection
Rich/educated driven away
Intergenerational poverty continues, Broadwater farm voter turnout 62% (below average)

109
Q

What are the 4 causes of conflicts in groups with opposing views towards regeneration?

A
  1. Lack of political engagement/representation
  2. Ethnic tensions
  3. Inequality
  4. Lack of economic opportunity
110
Q

Give an example of how lack of engagement can cause conflict

A

Studentification + town-gown divide in Durham
-packed buses
-politically incorrect
-insular (participate on campus)

111
Q

Evaluate how university students in Durham contribute to the community

A

Generate over £600 million/year to regional economy
Only a small minority, lots volunteer
Number of students set to increase

112
Q

Why did conflict occur in the London 2011 riots?

A

Social + economic inequality and racial profiling
Poor police/black community relationships in Tottenham
Urban deprivation
High youth unemployment after the financial crisis

113
Q

What were 3 effects of the London 2011 riots?

A

5 killed
Over 5000 crimes
£200 million in property damage

114
Q

How do statistics show that Brent is in need of regeneration?

A

-Pay consistently lower than London average
-% economically active lower than London and GB average
-Still in bottom percentile of LSOA

115
Q

How do statistics show that Brent is not in need of regeneration?

A

-Pay consistently higher than GB average
-% economically active increasing
-IMD rank slightly increased, so less deprived

116
Q

What are 2 strengths, and 2 weaknesses, of using statistical evidence to determine the need for regeneration in Brent?

A

Quantitative so can be compared as % change
Collected by trustworthy government

Census only every 10 years and not all answer
Doesn’t show feelings/QOL

117
Q

How does media/news show that Brent is in need of regeneration?

A

-Unhappiest place to live in 2017
-Antisocial behaviour puts strain on services
-Less access to green areas

118
Q

How does media/news show that Brent is not in need of regeneration?

A

-Culturally diverse and high creativity
-Most schools rated good/outstanding by Ofsted

119
Q

What is 1 strength, and 2 weaknesses, of using media/news to determine the need for regeneration in Brent?

A

True and real perceptions, thoughts, feelings

May be bias/fake/clickbait
Qualitative so hard to compare

120
Q

How does music show the perception of Brent?

A

Brent anthem ‘Sparks fly’
-proud
-revitalised + regenerated
-diverse
-wants this continual change

121
Q

How does art show the perception of Brent?

A

Student artwork from Alperton school shows need for:
-more regeneration (cranes)
-sustainable regeneration (recycle bins, green space)
-modern regeneration (technology)

Also street art murals show ‘how beautiful’ to change, over closed storefront

122
Q

What is a strength/weakness of using music/art to determine the need for regeneration in Brent?

A

Locals have an important viewpoint

Qualitative

123
Q

How can infrastructure investment lead to economic growth and improved accessibility in 5 ways?

A

More jobs + more people to fill them → increased local spend
Increases other investment + businesses → patents (new products, pay to use)
More tourism
Improved efficiency
Reduces inequality, reversing spiral of decline

124
Q

What is the Northern Hub?

A

Railway between places such as Manchester Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds

125
Q

What are 3 benefits of the Northern Hub?

A

700 more trains/day
44 million more passengers/year
Contributes £4 billion to region

126
Q

What are 2 costs of the Northern Hub?

A

Manchester Liverpool road threatened to lose history
Positive impacts only felt is the North improves

127
Q

What is some evaluation for the Northern Hub?

A

Benefits outway costs
Sustainable
Local protests led to delay

128
Q

What is Heathrow’s 3rd runway?

A

Plan privately funded, includes a new car park and an update to terminals 2 and 5

129
Q

What are 3 projected benefits from Heathrow’s 3rd runway?

A

260,000 more flights/year
77,000 local jobs by 2030
Boosts economy by up to £61 billion

130
Q

What are 3 projected costs from Heathrow’s 3rd runway?

A

Over 700 homes destroyed
Biggest CO2 emitter in Europe
High noise level

131
Q

What is some evaluation for Heathrow’s 3rd runway?

A

Will meet legal environmental targets
Increased business (cumulative causation)
Local environment poor

132
Q

Who has become a key player in infrastructure investment?

A

Private sector, increasing sine 1980s deregulation

133
Q

Who are 4 key players in the regeneration of infrastructure investment?

A

The Department for Communities and Local Government
The Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs
The Department for Culture, Media, and Sport
The Department for International Trade

134
Q

What is hard regeneration?

A

Physical- investment, infrastructure

135
Q

What is soft regeneration?

A

Planning, skills, education

136
Q

What are the 3 types of development that can affect economic regeneration?

A

Planning laws
Permission for fracking
House building targets & affordability

137
Q

What do planning laws do?

A

Decide how land is used (shapes + markets place)

138
Q

What is a planning gain?

A

Allows development if there is a benefit to the local community

139
Q

What is a planning blight?

A

Investors don’t commit until a decision is made

140
Q

Whose needs are prioritised in planning laws?

A

National > local since 2010 to stimulate economic growth

141
Q

What is fracking?

A

Obtaining gas from shale rock by hydraulic fracturing

142
Q

Why does the government support fracking?

A

Improves energy security → so they’re loosening restrictions

143
Q

Who doesn’t support fracking?

A

Local + national antifracking pressure groups eg: Frack Off

144
Q

Why is extra housing needed in the UK?

A

Rising population
High divorce rates
Loss of social housing from right-to-buy policy

145
Q

How do labour governments make decisions about house-building targets and affordability?

A

Fostered social housing with schemes
Encourages regional governments to set targets for local areas

146
Q

How do conservative governments make decisions about house-building targets and affordability?

A

Market-led → Right to Buy policy- over 2 million council houses sold in 15 years (not replaced by private/charity)
2011 localism act abolished regional authority, led to underinvestment, empty properties and inflated housing

147
Q

What is an example of somewhere where house building targets and affordability have not been met?

A

Cornwall
11,000 houses short/year due to growing population
Low-wage people, affordability issue

148
Q

Why is international migration good and bad for growth and investment?

A

More tax, skill shortages filled
Housing shortages

149
Q

How do different UK political parties impact international migration?

A

Labour was pro-immigration
Now UK is closed door, refugees are just 0.24% of population

150
Q

What is the golden visa?

A

Pass offering residency with a £2 million investment
But rules tightened, needing clean criminal record and a bank account

151
Q

What % of prime London properties are foreign-bought? Give an example. What is an effect due to this?

A

40%
The Shard by Qatar
House price increasing

152
Q

What were 2 impacts of the big bang?

A

Volume of trade increased by $3 billion/week
Foreign investment led to thousands of housing units

153
Q

What are 3 direct impacts from international migration and the deregulation of capital markets?

A

Jobs
Housing + offices
Increased tax revenue

154
Q

What are 3 indirect impacts (multiplier effect) from international migration and the deregulation of capital markets?

A

More disposable income → retail jobs
Private security
Lawyers

155
Q

How do local governments create sympathetic business environments?

A

With enterpirse zones which attract domestic/foreign investment

156
Q

Why are enterprise zones attractive to people/businesses?

A

Cheaper business rates
Superfast broadband
Simplified/lower planning control

157
Q

What is the issue with most jobs available in enterprise zones?

A

Jobs are lower skill and thus lower pay

158
Q

What is an example of an enterprise zone?

A

Cambridge science park
152-acre site built on redundant defence site, linked to the university’s research

159
Q

What is a science park?

A

A zone with networking facilities and purpose-built infrastructure

160
Q

How many companies are in Cambridge science park?

A

130, 30% foreign
eg: medicine, AI

161
Q

What are the benefits of Cambridge science park?

A

Attracts £2.4 billion/year to the UK economy → trickle-down effect

162
Q

What are 3 local interest groups with a key role in regeneration decision-making?

A

Chambers of Commerce
Local preservation societies
Trade unions

163
Q

What do the Chambers of Commerce feel about regeneration decision-making?

A

Represent local businesses, wants economic growth even if old buildings are destroyed, invest in education and infrastructure

164
Q

What do local preservation societies feel about regeneration decision-making?

A

Have nostalgic attachment to historic buildings, also environmental campaining

165
Q

What do the trade union feel about regeneration decision-making?

A

Represents workers’ rights over issues like pay and conditions, ensure good manager-worker relationship

166
Q

What are 3 urban regeneration strategies?

A

Retail-led
Tourism & leisure
Sports

167
Q

What does retail-led regeneration involve?

A

Location of malls
Pedestrianised areas
‘Convenience shopping’ changing to specialism
Encouraged click-and-collect, pop-up shops, street food (smaller businesses can compete)
National + local governments involved

168
Q

What does tourism and leisure regeneration involve?

A

Diversity- bed and breakfasts, Centre Parcs, leisure complexes
Volatile and dependent on weather
Image is important (TripAdvisor)
Coastal towns are the focus of this from governments due to high deprivation
-eg Bournemouth transformed as a family holiday destination and for stag/hen dos

169
Q

What does sports-led regeneration involve?

A

Construction + sport events create jobs, also act as a catalyst for longer-term regeneration

170
Q

Due to the legacy plan, why was the London 2012 Olympics regeneration successful in 6 ways?

A

9000 new homes by 2025 (Mayor of London)
Westfield Stratford
Public sports facilities
New wetlands are breeding boxes
Improved rail transports
Tourist sites (the Orbit viewing platform)

171
Q

What are the conflicts from the London 2012 olympics?

A

430 residents and small businesses evicted
Unaffordable houses

172
Q

How does culture-led regeneration occur in urban places?

A

Place associations- eg: London and Charles Dickens

173
Q

How does culture-led regeneration occur in rural places?

A

Film sets attract people- eg: Downton Abbey Highclere Castle

174
Q

What is the rural regeneration strategy?

A

Public & private rural diversification- more than just farming

175
Q

What are the 3 broad ways in which rural areas can be diversified?

A

Agriculture based- eg: speciality cheese
Non-agricultural- eg: golf, car-boot sales, Glastonbury festival
Environmental- eg: planting woodland

176
Q

What was the rural regeneration that occurred in Wales?

A

Powys regeneration partnership

177
Q

What is the Powys regeneration partnership?

A

Economic + community regeneration
£4 million grants helped 310 businesses/projects
Sustainable tourism, low-carbon green economy, energy-efficient housing
Transition towns- the online networking reduces outmigration

178
Q

What is meant by rebranding?

A

Ways in which a place is redeveloped and marketed to gain a new identity and attract new investors/visitors

179
Q

What is meant by re-imaging?

A

Remodelling areas to counter negative perceptions and provide post-industrial functions

180
Q

What are the 3 varieties of media used to improve the image of locations to attract investors?

A

Positive news stories
Online advertisment
Logos + slogans

181
Q

Who are the 5 target groups for rebranding that may invest?

A

Visitors
Residents
Employees
Business/industry
Exporters (eg: travel agencies)

182
Q

How are UK deindustrialised cities, such as Glasgow, rebranded to attract?

A

Turning industrial history into a heritage asset

183
Q

Why was Glasgow rebranded?

A

Glasgow effect- relatively low life expectancy of just 54 for men
Knowing this disadvantage leads to high suicide, violence and heart disease rates

184
Q

What were the 4 ways in which Glasgow was rebranded?

A

Heritage
Tourism
Art
Sport

185
Q

How was Glasgow rebranded via heritage?

A

Building homes along river Clyde shipyards, Titan crane visitor attraction, shops, restaurants

186
Q

How was Glasgow rebranded via tourism?

A

Marketing campaign Scotland with Style, new hotel chains, also used for conferences, EasyJet flight routes- leads to cumulative causation, although no trickle-down effect guaranteed

187
Q

How was Glasgow rebranded via art?

A

Art → linked to Charles Mackintosh architecture, Burrell collection

188
Q

How as Glasgow rebranded via sport?

A

Hosted 2014 Commonwealth games, legacy £390 million to Glasgow economy, reduced unemployment

189
Q

What are some downsides to the rebranding in Glasgow?

A

House price is rising, tourism is spacial

190
Q

What are the 3 rural rebranding strategies?

A

Farm diversification/specialised products
Outdoor pursuits + adventure
Heritage + literary associations

191
Q

What is an example of an accessible and remote area that has been rebranded?

A

Accessible- Highclere Castle west of London
Remote- Cornwall south-west England

192
Q

Why did Highclere Castle need to be rebranded?

A

Social inequality post-war
Taxes raised, landed gentry can’t afford
Area neglected

193
Q

Using the 3 rural rebranding strategies, how has Highclere Castle been rebranded?

A

World famous gin in antique copper still, garden parties
Intimate wedding venue for up to 30 guests, lodge for 2-3 night stay
Set for Downton abbey TV show

194
Q

Why has the rural rebranding of Highclere castle attracted visitors?

A

Maintain English countryside traditions
Lots to do
TV show lovers

195
Q

Why did Cornwall need to be rebranded?

A

Competition + mechanisation → decline in fishing + mining
Not skilled for knowledge economy
Long-term unemplyment

196
Q

Using the 3 rural rebranding strategies, how has Cornwall been rebranded?

A

Cornish pasties + cheeses
Eden project, landscape regenerated from a China clay pit, has biomes, can stay over. Extreme academy at Watergate bay with rockclimbing + surfing
Eden featured in James Bond and Bad Eduction movie

197
Q

Why has the rural rebranding of Cornwall attracted visitors?

A

Domestic & European tourists
Hosts surfing championships attracting international

198
Q

What is the Egan wheel?

A

The 8 components that every community must have in equal measure to be considered sustainable
But different stakeholders have different priorities

199
Q

How can the success of economic regeneration be assessed?

A

Income
Poverty
Employment

200
Q

What is an absolute change?

A

Difference in an indicator over 2 periods of time

201
Q

What is a relative change?

A

Transfers findings to other populations

202
Q

What are the limitations of using quantitive, secondary data to measure the economic success of regeneration?

A

Quantitative- no feelings, no day-to-day measure
Secondary- out-of-date, census every 10 years

203
Q

How can social progress from regeneration be measured?

A

Reduction in inequality
Improvement to life expectancy
Reduction in health deprivation

Graphs can show the rate of change

204
Q

How can the improvement in the living environment from regeneration be measured?

A

Levels of pollution reduced
Reduction in derelict/abandoned land

205
Q

What are 3 limitations of using photographs to assess improvements in the living environment from regeneration?

A

Doesn’t show everything, just a snapshot in time
No feelings/perspectives, just view of photographer
Hard to compare

206
Q

What are the 4 regeneration strategies used in Stratford?

A

Transport connection (rail)
Sports-led (Olympics)
Retail-led (Westfield 2011)
Leisure + recreation

207
Q

Which stakeholders are happy with Stratford’s regeneration?

A

New residents
-14,000 homes
-beautiful housing
-shared ownership

Local businesses
-tourism → more money spent

Government
-investment
-improved reputation

208
Q

Which stakeholder is not happy with Stratford’s regeneration?

A

Long-term residents
-lack of affordable housing

209
Q

Which stakeholder is conflicted with Stratford’s regeneration?

A

Local government
-legacy plan, although this is long-term
-funding cuts

210
Q

What environmental changes have occurred as a result of Stratford’s regeneration?

A

+ New housing is 0 carbon and water efficient
+ Walk/cycle design and good public transport

⎻ Particulate matter score exceeds WHO safe limit

211
Q

What economic changes have occurred as a result of Stratford’s regeneration?

A

+ Employment deprivation has decreased
+ Had less economically active, now evened out

⎻ House price risen more than UK average

212
Q

What social/demographic changes have occurred as a result of Stratford’s regeneration?

A

+ More people of working age

⎻ Gentrification → unaffordable housing
⎻ More deprived in barriers to housing and services

213
Q

What is the priority for regeneration for national governments and what can they do?

A

Development
Can give planning permisions

214
Q

What is the priority for regeneration for local councils and what can they do?

A

Equality and balance over SEE needs
Can implement small schemes and soft regeneration eg: alcohol free zones

215
Q

What is the priority for regeneration for developers and what can they do?

A

Profit
Can fund schemes

216
Q

What is the priority for regeneration for local businesses and what can they do?

A

Profit (regen may increase their customer base of threaten with more TNCs)
Can invest in schemes

217
Q

What is the priority for regeneration for local communities and what can they do?

A

QOL, lived experience, affordable housing
Can vote or form pressure groups

218
Q

What are the 5 regeneration strategies used in Cornwall?

A

Eden project
Superfast broadband
Combined universities in Cornwall scheme
Wave hub ‘energy socket’
Watergate bay extreme sports centre

219
Q

What is the combined universities in Cornwall scheme?

A

Gives more people the chance to study in Cornwall, and uses education to help businesses

220
Q

Which stakeholders are happy with Cornwall’s regeneration?

A

Local government
-services and support for schools
-green community cafe

Visitors/tourists
-festivals
-high numbers

Local businesses
-local economy over £1 billion in 10 years
-61% of retail shopping is local

Academics
-education is priority
-sustainable

221
Q

What environmental changes have occurred as a result of Cornwall’s regeneration?

A

+ High renewable energy use
+ Less deprived living environment

222
Q

What economic changes have occurred as a result of Cornwall’s regeneration?

A

+ Increase people with qualifications

+- % of workless households decreased, but still higher than GB and SW

⎻ House price increasing
⎻ High numbers self-employed or work part-time

223
Q

What social/demographic changes have occurred as a result of Cornwall’s regeneration?

A

+ More have heating

+- Population increased 7% in 10 years

⎻ Lots in caravans (houses unaffordable)
⎻ Increasing and high number of elderly

224
Q

How does the EU impact change/regeneration in Cornwall?

A

Funding since 1999, although not relevant now

225
Q

How does the national government impact change/regeneration in Cornwall?

A

Grants given directly

226
Q

How does the local government impact change/regeneration in Cornwall?

A

Public sector is the largest employer
Enterprise zone in Newquay, although with little funding

227
Q

How does the local economy impact change/regeneration in Cornwall?

A

Small business investment cut due to 2008 financial crisis
Biggest industries are tourism and food, they want expansion

228
Q

How do environmental stakeholders impact change/regeneration in Cornwall?

A

Biggest asset is scenery
Huge potential for wave + wind energy

229
Q

How do educational stakeholders impact change/regeneration in Cornwall?

A

Combined Universities in Cornwall scheme reduces brain drain + creates jobs

A-level Geography (8 decks)

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