regeneration

Question 1

rebranding in cornwall
why
solutions
costs and benefits
players involved

Answer 1

why- Cornwall had lowest wage per week in the UK, £329. Due to focused in primary industry
suffered from brain drain, educated left for London
deindustrialisation of primary industry, moved aborad, cheaper abroad, negative mutiplier effect

solutions- Eden project, converted brownfield site which was previously a clay quarry. Is now 3rd most visited tourist attraction in the UK, first year had 1.9 million visitors

benefits- employed 400 people, 75% of which were previously unemployed
80% of local businesses said it benefitted them
Cornwall and Devon provide 90% of food produce, limits effects of deindustrialisation, encourages localism

costs- built a mega wind turbine nearby, disruptive and loud for many people
extreme traffic congestion on country roads that werent made for lots of people, emitting CO2.

players involved- National Lottery funded it all
European Union- provided grants for places that didn’t have a GDP of at least 75% of rest of Europe

solutions- University of Exeter and Falmouth combined to create Uni of Cornwall

benefits- prevents brain drain, more educated people
costs- studentification, disruption of everyday life.

Question 2

brontë country
why
solutions
costs
benefits
players involved

Answer 2

de industrialisation of agriculture industry led to spiral of decline
solutions- fair trade way, circular walk going to historic spots featured in Jane Eyre and Wuthering heights. Haworth was first fair trade village.
Brontë sisters house was opened up to the public
front of shops changing to match vicotrian style pf sisters
players- 2 million regeneratjon scheme
£240.000 alone spent by DLUHC community ownership firm on the house
costs- seasonal economy, not as reliabale
benefits- people take better care of environment, is what people come to see leading to higher environmental quality
promotes fair trade and raises awareness
strengthens local economy-tourism in local businesses

Question 3

Kielder Forest
why
solutions
costs
benefits
players involved

Answer 3

why- poor infrastructure, low wage jobs, depopulation due to outmigration of young people
solutions- largest forest in england with diverse wildlife, wanted to increase its recreational appeal through man made lake, coffee shops, accomodation and outdoor cinema.
players involved- Forestry England funded most of the project as part of a biodviersity partnership,
overall cost 167 million
benefits- employed 200 people
300,000 visitors per year, brings money to local economy
costs- tree loss for vonstruction,
noise and air pollution
disturbance of wildlife.

Question 4

definition of regneration

Answer 4

long term upgrading of existing places, can be due to deprivation, deindustrialisation etc

Question 5

define each employment sector and a job in each

Answer 5

primary sector- extraction of raw resources like farming
secondary- manufacutring of products like car manufacturing
tertiary- different types of services- teacher
quarternary- provision of specialist services- lawyer
quinary- leadership roles- CEO of a company

Question 6

why do companies prefer temportary contracts (one point)

Answer 6

gives them the ability to respond to global market changes

Question 7

name 4 controversial aspects of work

Answer 7

the gender gap
zero hour contracts
illegal working
temporary and seasonal work

Question 8

why is gender controversial in work

Answer 8

men are still paid on average 10% more than women, and many more women work part time and temporary jobs.
men are more likely to be promoted- often due to reasons like pregnancy
is an ongoing cycle as men in power promote other men

Question 9

why are zero hour contracts an issue in work and example of a company that uses them

Answer 9

not reliable, often exploits people and leaves them without a wage, a company notorious for it is Sports Direct

Question 10

why is illegal working an issue in work and an example of it

Answer 10

is a criminal offence
relies on irregular migrant workers often on low pay and poor conditions
in 2013, 3000 migrant workers discovered in Slough living in “sheds with beds”

Question 11

why is temporary and seasonal work bad

Answer 11

usually low pay, not for long term and leaves many unemployed
however is okay for students usually

Question 12

what is location quotients and what is the formula it

Answer 12

a simple ratio used to determine the concentration or dominance of a particular industry in a region
small location/bigger region= LQ

Question 13

what does an LQ over 1.5 indicate

Answer 13

there is a degree of specialisation or concentration in that particular industry

Question 14

define GDP

Answer 14

monetary measure of market value of all goods and services produced in a time period

Question 15

gross value added definition

Answer 15

value of all good and sevices without taking away costs

Question 16

how does health represent economic activity and what group of people tends to have poor health

Answer 16

measured by death rates, degree of ill health experienced by people and life expectancy
income has effect on peoples housing and diets
BAME often experience poorer health than general population

Question 17

why do BAME have poorer health

Answer 17

poor quality housing- mould and damp
lack of heating and electricity
overcrowded- more people living in smaller areas
language barrier (lack of understanding)

Question 18

why are children in poverty performing worse in schools

Answer 18

other commitments likr caring for family and working so less focused on studies
not being to afford resources, no access to a tutor
travel issues
inadequate meals, lower concentration levels

Question 19

define gentrifcation

Answer 19

changing a place in order to attract more affluent people

Question 20

example of gentrifcation and people’s views on it (slums/soho)

Answer 20

super gentrification in Portland road, Nottin Hill in London- what were victorian slums and now sold for multi million prices - can be viewed as bad, far too expensive

regen of London’s soho- remove its reputation as red a light district and become a rich middle aged US tourists hotspot- negative as changing the whole character of Soho, however may generate lots of income

Question 21

define studentification

Answer 21

changes in a place due to an influx of studnets

Question 22

what are the 3 physical factors affecting changing characteristics of a place

Answer 22

location- proximity to large cities and core economic zones
environment- place vary in attractiveness
technology- lifts allowing high rise, transport allowing urban sprawl, fibre optic cables are changing traditional landscapes

Question 23

what are the 2 accessibility factors affecting changing characteristics of a place

Answer 23

access to other places by road, rail, air
connections- help competition for investment and visitors

Question 24

what are 4 historical development factors affecting changing characteristics of a place

Answer 24

post production era- primary and manufacturing has declined
changes in consumer trends- in retail, now concentrated in online shopping, -in house types, increase demand for single homes as a result of demographic and cultural change, -role of big businesses and TNCs in shaping consumer demands reuslting in consumerism and cloned shopping malls.
increased affluence- increased leisure and tourism functions
historic buildings-physical assess to places seeking regeneration such as ex warehouses.

Question 25

what are the 6 role of planning by government and other stakeholders factors affecting the changing characterisitcs of a place

Answer 25

national gov- policies on restructuring uk economy, plan led system-control over developments, zoning and segregating land uses. for example green belts conservation area- policies limit new developments and encourage conversions rather than renewal schemes, national interests prioritsed over regional ones like HS2 Central government intervention-encouraging localism and individuality local planning-increased in put in local decisions through local area plans and stakeholder meetngs image-perception of a place may affect whether a place needs changing

Question 26

define transition town, what does it aim to do, an example of one and the action they are taking and one motto by them

Answer 26

a transition town is a community project aimed to build resillience in response to issues of peak oil, climate change and economic instalibilty through creating local groups. a key aim is to build local resilience, reduce dependence on fossils. Totnes was the first one in 2006 action so far includes creating community gardens, repairing old items rather than throwing them out, "food feet, not food miles"- encourages localsim

Question 27

name the 4 key methods to measure change

Answer 27

land use changes employment rends demographic changes levels of deprivation

Question 28

IMD

Answer 28

the index of multiple deprivation is used to target regeneration aid, allocate resources and target hotspots for crime, places ranked to relative level of deprivation is a relative meausre- deprived area does not mean everyone is living in deprivation takes into account income, employment, health, education, crime and living environment

Question 29

what did IMD find in 2019

Answer 29

is dispersed across england-no singificant patterns middlesborough and blackpool are most deprived positive change in London- showcasing North-South divide, they have been focused on and regenrrated

Question 30

what are signs of high quality of life

Answer 30

high life expectancy lots of green space good healthcare high literacy rates

Question 31

what are signs an area is deprived

Answer 31

low life expancty derelict buildings high crime

Question 32

what is the cumulative causation of new indsutry, both negatives and positives and how to solve these issues

Answer 32

cumulative causation is the knock on effect new industry attracts employment, therefore in inmgration, benefit from constant renewal and improvement of infrastructure and living environment but can result in a two teir economy woth clear inequalities between rich and poor demand for houses increase causing prices to riese also may be skills shortage with not trained workers to do quarternary and quinary jobs created by new growing economy solve them by building more affordable housing, investment in training or recruiment of workers from overseas

Question 33

san fransisco

Answer 33

Successful regions (San Francisco Bay area) have high rates of employment, inward migration, (internal and international) and low levels of deprivation, but also high property prices and skills shortages in both urban and rural areas. home to dropbox and twitter resulting in multiplier effect caused google effect of gentirfication disconcernt between affluent and less affluent locals

Question 34

define rust belt

Answer 34

an area that underwent significant industrial decline

Question 35

Middlesborough

Answer 35

suffered with consequences of deindustrialisation 20,000 left town since 1990 2008 global recession worsened it causing small businesses to close 2015 closure of SSI steelworks caused further decline local unemployment twice national average (13%) income of local residents has plumeted life expectancy lower than rest of uk effect on built environment- whole streets of terraced houses boadred up high levels of antisocial behaviour flytipping dumping of waste causes health and safety problems lack of opportunities lowered morivation 1/3 of chidlren attend school that "require improvement" according to Ofsted a continue of spiral and economic decline is occurring

Question 36

define reinventor cities and example

Answer 36

cities that have changed their economic base by encouraging IT and digital media, have higher wages, graduate workers, new businesses, productivity for example Salford Quays

Question 37

define replicator cities

Answer 37

replaced cotton mills with call centres and dock yards they are less sustainable and tend to have people with less qualifcations and a working age population will eventually have to change sectors again such as Burnley

Question 38

why is rural decline occuring

Answer 38

a rural settlement was once dominated by primary economic activity, due to global shift and it being cheaper to import from abroad it has led to spiral of decline means many of jobs available are low paid, season causing people to be living on the edge of poverty additionally rich people been buying houses but do not live there permanently causing them to become more expenisve and worsens economy

Question 39

name 2 examples of extremes that need regeneration

Answer 39

sink estates and declining rural settlements- have lowest IMD and are areas in deline

Question 40

what is the best process for regeneration

Answer 40

1. create social and economic profile 2.establish context for regeneration- evaluate the inequalities and how bad they are. 3. create environmental profile 4. initial master plan and key actions- include views of local people and attatacment to those places and political engagement create physical, social, economic plan stemming from this. 5. Detailed masterplan and consultation- get stakeholder input for evaluation report add to/ change pshycal, social, economic plan 6. finally implementation and evaluation of regeneration project success.

Question 41

define sink estate

Answer 41

council housing estate built to provide housing to low income grouops needing social assistance

Question 42

define commuter villages

Answer 42

located in commutable distance to a big city are referred to as wealth corridors tend to have affluent populations and low deprivation however need fewer services as commuters may not need local shops etc

Question 43

how to establish the need for regneration for economic, social and environmental factors

Answer 43

economic- types of employment, unemployment, business rates, property values social- ethnicity, access to education and healthcare, educational achievement, community facilities environmental- derelict land, closed shops, boarded up buildings, grafitti, pollution, lack of green space, transport provision

Question 44

salford quays demographic stats

Answer 44

increase of 2.5% in younger people aged 25-34 due to young professionals, more job opportunties decrease of 2% in those 35=, move away to start families, not accessbile in salford quays, lack of schools, gardens etc. increase in diversity, white decreased from 90.1% to 82.3%, more foreign students between 2011 to 2021, 15.4% incease in salford, however mainly around Salford Quays due to more housing and more jobs.

Question 45

what is the census

Answer 45

collected every ten years, last in 2021. allows comparisions to be made and includes social, economic and environmental indicators

Question 46

New York through the media case study

Answer 46

Gossip girl- shows affluent side of New York, filled with young professionals and graduates Empire State of Mind by Alicia Keys- shows similarity with london , busy and bustling streers whilst focusing on unqiue characterisitcs of New York David Harvey- Marxist geographer- highlight how capitalism led to changing natural to meet need for profit whilst sacrificing other social groups Humans of New York- 10,000 photos to show peoples every day life in New York.

Question 47

what is a top down approach

Answer 47

government makes decsision about what happens within a place, they have control over all aspects including finance

Question 48

define lived experience

Answer 48

actual experience of living in a particular place or enivronment, can have an impact on a persons perceptions and values as well as their outlook on the world

Question 49

define attachment to place

Answer 49

perception and attachment will vary between person, can depend on factors like age, length of residence, ethinicity and deprivation.

Question 50

at least 3 key points on voting turnout

Answer 50

9 million eligble voters werent correctly registered in 2019 only 47% of 18-24 year olds voted 52% of BAME voted voting online will revolutionise voting habits poor, black, young people are least likely to vote.

Question 51

why are community groups and participation so important

Answer 51

regen relies on communtiy participation at all stages can become powerful through protests, force for change helps funding and focus on helping vulnerable people

Question 52

what are the 2 general key factors affecting a person's sense of place

Answer 52

membership- feeling of belonging, familiarity and being accepted influence- a sense of playing a part in a place and hence caring about it.

Question 53

what are the 5 personal factors affecting a persons sense of place and how did this affect attachment

Answer 53

age- may be more naive when younger, oblivious to reality of injustices occurring= higher attachment ethnicity- immigrants may have positive view due to coming from a place with a much lower quality of life BUT will have higher attachment to their home country additionally, may face racism/discrimination so feel unsafe= lower attachment gender- woman may not feel safe due to not having a positive lived experience length of resdience=longer you live there, the more connected you will feel level of deprivation=lower levels of deprivation- lower quality of life= lower attachment but can bring communities together

Question 54

4 key reasons for conflict within communties

Answer 54

lack of political engagement and representation ethnic tensions (racism) inequality (wealthy vs poor) a lack of economic opportunity (deprivation causes problems like crime)

Question 55

name at least 4 reasons for 2011 London Riots

Answer 55

-police stop and search tactics ( racist police- discrimination) -urban deprivation -high youth unemployment -allenated and disaffected youth pollution (not being accepted) the riots was a result of social polarisation

Question 56

define social polarisation

Answer 56

process of segregation within a society that emerges from income inequality and economic restructuring.

Question 57

how are rural and urban areas dependent on each other

Answer 57

- people in rural area depend on towns for key services like healthcare, higher education and leisure. Commuter villages and towns also depend on ubran areas for employment -people in urban areas depend on countryside for food, and landscape for leisure and recreation

Question 58

define rebranding with example

Answer 58

reimaging places using ranfe of media to improve peoples perception and make it more attractive for potential investors example- Glasgow

Question 59

name 4 types of regeneration and an example for each

Answer 59

retail led regeneration- Trafford Centre tourism and leisure- Salford and Quays sport led regeneration- London Olympics 2012 culture led regneration- Bronte Country

Question 60

kingsdown beach in kent rural regeneration case study

Answer 60

why? to encourage migration into the area and build industry, making it economically stronger aiming to step away from solely primary industry and reduce reliance what? a proposal for 400 homes to be built and 35 hectares on green field land costs/negatives? local groups like kingsdown and southfill forum raised concerns about traffic congestion as rural roads can’t accomdatr for increase population and strain on local services, not large enough to accomdatr for new ppl, the council to protect Rural England opposed the use and conversion of greenfield sites benefits? development of local area, building up of industry and therefore making it more economically stronger, encouraging in migration and preventing ojt migration by providing new homes and new jobs through new industry overall conc? common conflict between development aims and local priorities of preserving green spaces, was unduccesfjl so did not go ahead BUT in jan 2025, 70 homes were proposed to be built on farmland but received 630 letters of objection

Question 61

what are local government policies to attract inward investment

Answer 61

regeneration strategies based around -synthetic business environments through science and business parks -protect heritage sites -